Zn(Ⅱ)配位脂质体用于高效且血清耐受的基因转染（英文）

近年来,阳离子聚合物、阳离子脂质体等非病毒载体在基因递送中的应用越来越受到人们的关注.然而,血清的存在会降低它们的转染效率,从而阻碍它们在临床中的使用.因此,非常有必要开发能抵抗血清干扰的非病毒基因载体.本工作合成了一种新型的锌离子配位的脂质,其与1, 2-二油酰-SN-甘油-3-磷酰乙醇胺脂质(DOPE)共自组装形成阳离子脂质体(Zn-DTAc脂质体).实验结果表明,Zn-DTAc脂质体可以有效地压缩质粒形成纳米复合物.即使在50%胎牛血清存在的情况下,该复合物也能进行有效的细胞内化和内涵体逃逸,并实现高效的基因转染.     

西班牙大学技术转移中心的成功经验分析

随着西班牙国家创新体系战略的实施,西班牙大学与产业界的技术转移活动日趋活跃,逐渐成为了大学技术转移活动开展得比较好的欧盟国家之一。首先从许可合同和衍生企业两个方面介绍了西班牙大学技术转移的具体情况,提出了大学技术转移中心的重要作用。继而提出政府法律法规的建立是西班牙大学技术转移中心成功运作的指导因素,国家大学技术转移协会是其组织保障,技术转移中心的人力资源是其决定因素,高水平的专利管理是其坚实基础,充足的资金资助是其支撑因素。最后,提出了对我国大学技术转移中心的借鉴意义。     

Torsional Models of Two - ply Yarn

In this paper,the vector equation of a generaliseddoubly wound helix was derived.Treloar's pliedyarn geometry could be obtained as a special case ofthe generalised doubly wound helix.The shortest fi-bre length around the surface of a helical tube(formed by fibre helices)was determined by apply-ing variational principles.The fibre length as calcu-lated by using Treloar's geometry was compared in-directly with the shortest possible fibre length at dif-ferent levels of yarn deformation when some of Tre-loar's rigid geometrical constraints were relaxed.Anew idea based on non-concentric circles was intro-duced to approximate the fibre helix movement in atwo-ply yarn.A torsional model of two-ply yarnwas developed and the theoretical predictions werecompared with some preliminary experimental re-sults.     

A closely packed system of low-mass, low-density planets transiting Kepler-11

When an extrasolar planet passes in front of (transits) its star, its radius can be measured from the decrease in starlight and its orbital period from the time between transits. Multiple planets transiting the same star reveal much more: period ratios determine stability and dynamics, mutual gravitational interactions reflect planet masses and orbital shapes, and the fraction of transiting planets observed as multiples has implications for the planarity of planetary systems. But few stars have more than one known transiting planet, and none has more than three. Here we report Kepler spacecraft observations of a single Sun-like star, which we call Kepler-11, that reveal six transiting planets, five with orbital periods between 10 and 47?days and a sixth planet with a longer period. The five inner planets are among the smallest for which mass and size have both been measured, and these measurements imply substantial envelopes of light gases. The degree of coplanarity and proximity of the planetary orbits imply energy dissipation near the end of planet formation.     

Sensitivity to antitubulin chemotherapeutics is regulated by MCL1 and FBW7

Microtubules have pivotal roles in fundamental cellular processes and are targets of antitubulin chemotherapeutics. Microtubule-targeted agents such as Taxol and vincristine are prescribed widely for various malignancies, including ovarian and breast adenocarcinomas, non-small-cell lung cancer, leukaemias and lymphomas. These agents arrest cells in mitosis and subsequently induce cell death through poorly defined mechanisms. The strategies that resistant tumour cells use to evade death induced by antitubulin agents are also unclear. Here we show that the pro-survival protein MCL1 (ref. 3) is a crucial regulator of apoptosis triggered by antitubulin chemotherapeutics. During mitotic arrest, MCL1 protein levels decline markedly, through a post-translational mechanism, potentiating cell death. Phosphorylation of MCL1 directs its interaction with the tumour-suppressor protein FBW7, which is the substrate-binding component of a ubiquitin ligase complex. The polyubiquitylation of MCL1 then targets it for proteasomal degradation. The degradation of MCL1 was blocked in patient-derived tumour cells that lacked FBW7 or had loss-of-function mutations in FBW7, conferring resistance to antitubulin agents and promoting chemotherapeutic-induced polyploidy. Additionally, primary tumour samples were enriched for FBW7 inactivation and elevated MCL1 levels, underscoring the prominent roles of these proteins in oncogenesis. Our findings suggest that profiling the FBW7 and MCL1 status of tumours, in terms of protein levels, messenger RNA levels and genetic status, could be useful to predict the response of patients to antitubulin chemotherapeutics.     

Copy number variation and selection during reprogramming to pluripotency

The mechanisms underlying the low efficiency of reprogramming somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are poorly understood. There is a clear need to study whether the reprogramming process itself compromises genomic integrity and, through this, the efficiency of iPS cell establishment. Using a high-resolution single nucleotide polymorphism array, we compared copy number variations (CNVs) of different passages of human iPS cells with their fibroblast cell origins and with human embryonic stem (ES) cells. Here we show that significantly more CNVs are present in early-passage human iPS cells than intermediate passage human iPS cells, fibroblasts or human ES cells. Most CNVs are formed de novo and generate genetic mosaicism in early-passage human iPS cells. Most of these novel CNVs rendered the affected cells at a selective disadvantage. Remarkably, expansion of human iPS cells in culture selects rapidly against mutated cells, driving the lines towards a genetic state resembling human ES cells.