The materials genome and CALPHAD

The mapping of the human genome is an important basis for the development of new medicals and medical treatments.Consequently,it has attracted tremendous research funding over the last decade.On June2011,the Materials Genome Initiative was announced by the US President Obama as collaboration on modeling and advanced materials databases.Unfortunately,the materials genome was given a rather vague definition in the announcement.However,the materials genome should be defined in analogy with biological genomes and one may then conclude that:at any moment,the performance of a specific material depends on its chemical composition(inherent property stored in its genome)and its environment(external interactions–processing–conditions during usage).The materials genome should thus be defined as a set of information encoded in the language of thermodynamics obtained by careful assessment of experimental data and quantum mechanical calculations from which certain conclusions about the material can be drawn.The CALPHAD databases contain the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of a materials system.Such databases allow the prediction of materials structure as well as its response to processing and usage conditions,and are major parts of integrated computational materials engineering.     

大型灌溉系统中附属小水库的多用途管理

分布在大型水渠灌溉系统中具有一定蓄水容量的附属小水库能在一定程度上缓和供水与需水之间的不协调,为灌溉系统的多用途管理及提高灌溉水的生产率提供了机会．以斯里兰卡系统H为例,分析了小水库的现行运行状况及其多用途管理的潜力和制约因素．结果表明,仅以满足灌溉需求为目的的现行小水库运行方式导致了水库水位的快速波动,相对较短的水库水体更新时间使小水库通过灌溉水多用途管理获得更大效益受到了限制．     

小麦丝核菌病害抑制作用的相关微生物及其机理

由Rhizoniasolani引起的小麦丝核菌根腐病是世界范围内小麦的主要病害之一。保留作物残体的精耕栽培制度可使土壤变为对病害有抑制作用的抑病土。研究了南澳大利亚埃文抑病土壤中与抑制作用相关的生物体。分离到许多在苗期抑制病害的细菌(Pantoeaagglomerans,Exiguobacterium acetylicum,微杆菌以及Streptomyces),木霉菌和食真菌线虫。研究结果表明,埃文抑病土的抑病作用与多种生物有关,其作用机理也多种多样。     

First record of genus Promalactis Meyrick (Lepidoptera: oecophoridae) from Cambodia with five new species

In this study, species of the genus Promalactis found in Cambodia are reviewed for the first time. Five new species, P. infundibulina sp. nov., P. prolixa sp. nov., P. seimana sp. nov., P. serratiola sp. nov., P. spiraliola sp. nov., are described. Promalactis albisquama Kim and Park is also newly discovered in Cambodia. Illustrations of adults and genitalia of each species are also provided with distributional data.

www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:88AF790D-B677-498F-20A5B4-F287B5D52318     

脉冲磁场技术在高矫顽力稀土永磁测量领域的应用

简述了超高矫顽力永磁体测量现状,分析了静态磁滞回线仪在测量高矫顽力永磁体时存在的问题及其原因.为解决此问题,采用"f-2f"原理建立了基于脉冲磁场技术的高矫顽力永磁测量装置,该装置能产生最高8 756 kA.m-1的测量磁场,能够测量高矫顽力永磁体的整个磁滞回线.阐述了该脉冲磁场测量装置的优势、组成结构以及涡流修正方法.经过实验验证,该系统具有良好的测量重复性.与国家永磁标准测量装置的对比结果显示:在低矫顽力范围内两者剩磁Br、内禀矫顽力HcJ、磁感应强度矫顽力HcB和最大磁能积(BH)max四个参数的测量偏差在1%以内;在高矫顽力范围,该装置解决了静态磁滞回线仪测量曲线变形的问题.     

Bridging the Gap Between Argumentation Theory and the Philosophy of Mathematics

We argue that there are mutually beneficial connections to be made between ideas in argumentation theory and the philosophy of mathematics, and that these connections can be suggested via the process of producing computational models of theories in these domains. We discuss Lakatos’s work (Proofs and Refutations, 1976) in which he championed the informal nature of mathematics, and our computational representation of his theory. In particular, we outline our representation of Cauchy’s proof of Euler’s conjecture, in which we use work by Haggith on argumentation structures, and identify connections between these structures and Lakatos’s methods.     

Crystal structures of catalytic and regulatory subunits of rat protein kinase CK2

Protein kinase CK2 consists of two catalytic subunits (CK2α) and two regulatory subunits (CK2β). Here, we report the crystal structures of rat CK2α mutant (rCK2α-△C, 1—335) and CK2β (rCK2β). The overall topology of rCK2α-△C and rCK2β are very similar to the human enzyme, although large structural differences could be observed in the N-terminal domain of rCK2α-△C. Our reported structure of rCK2α-△C is in the close conformation state while the counterpart hCK2α is in the open conformation state, indi- cating ...     

Parallel bacterial evolution within multiple patients identifies candidate pathogenicity genes

Bacterial pathogens evolve during the infection of their human host(1-8), but separating adaptive and neutral mutations remains challenging(9-11). Here we identify bacterial genes under adaptive evolution by tracking recurrent patterns of mutations in the same pathogenic strain during the infection of multiple individuals. We conducted a retrospective study of a Burkholderia dolosa outbreak among subjects with cystic fibrosis, sequencing the genomes of 112 isolates collected from 14 individuals over 16 years. We find that 17 bacterial genes acquired nonsynonymous mutations in multiple individuals, which indicates parallel adaptive evolution. Mutations in these genes affect important pathogenic phenotypes, including antibiotic resistance and bacterial membrane composition and implicate oxygen-dependent regulation as paramount in lung infections. Several genes have not previously been implicated in pathogenesis and may represent new therapeutic targets. The identification of parallel molecular evolution as a pathogen spreads among multiple individuals points to the key selection forces it experiences within human hosts.     

Identification of a functional transposon insertion in the maize domestication gene tb1

Genetic diversity created by transposable elements is an important source of functional variation upon which selection acts during evolution. Transposable elements are associated with adaptation to temperate climates in Drosophila, a SINE element is associated with the domestication of small dog breeds from the gray wolf and there is evidence that transposable elements were targets of selection during human evolution. Although the list of examples of transposable elements associated with host gene function continues to grow, proof that transposable elements are causative and not just correlated with functional variation is limited. Here we show that a transposable element (Hopscotch) inserted in a regulatory region of the maize domestication gene, teosinte branched1 (tb1), acts as an enhancer of gene expression and partially explains the increased apical dominance in maize compared to its progenitor, teosinte. Molecular dating indicates that the Hopscotch insertion predates maize domestication by at least 10,000 years, indicating that selection acted on standing variation rather than new mutation.