美国和中国液化评估程序间的比较(英文)

土壤液化在美国和中国的地震区域频繁发生,然而,两国在评估液化的风险方面方法有所不同。文章比较了两国采用的普遍工程做法和先进的分析方法,并在方法的兼容性、方法的分歧和从这些方法中学到什么这三方面进行总结,尤其是如何处理细屑/粘土粒带来的影响。两国常用的"干净"沙的液化触发曲线基本一致,但是用粘土粒含量作为控制变量的方法可能会导致不保守的结果,因此不推荐使用。标准灌入试验(SPT)是两国都经常使用的研究方法,可直接比较。圆锥贯入试验(CPT)在美国使用普遍,近来在中国也有广泛使用,文章以1976年唐山地震得到的液化案例讨论和说明了应用CPT的优点。     

Multistage interband cascade photovoltaic devices with a bandgapof 0.23 eV operating above room temperature

Interband cascade （IC） photovoltaic （PV）device structures, consisting of multiple discrete InAs/GaSb superlattice absorbers sandwiched between electronand hole barriers, were grown by molecular beam epitaxy.Details of the molecular beam epitaxy growth and materialcharacterization of the structures are presented. The dis-crete absorber architecture enables certain advantages, suchas high open-circuit voltage, high collection efficiency,high operating temperature, and smooth integration ofcascade stages with different bandgaps. The two- andthree-stage ICPV devices presented in this article operate atroom temperature with substantial open-circuit voltages ata cutoff wavelength of 5.3 μm （corresponding to a bandgapof 0.23 eV）, the longest ever reported for room temperaturePV devices. The device characteristics indicate a high levelof current matching and demonstrate the advantages of theinterband cascade approach in thermophotovoltaic celldesign.     

Embryonic and extraembryonic stem cell lines derived from single mouse blastomeres

The most basic objection to human embryonic stem (ES) cell research is rooted in the fact that ES cell derivation deprives embryos of any further potential to develop into a complete human being. ES cell lines are conventionally isolated from the inner cell mass of blastocysts and, in a few instances, from cleavage stage embryos. So far, there have been no reports in the literature of stem cell lines derived using an approach that does not require embryo destruction. Here we report an alternative method of establishing ES cell lines-using a technique of single-cell embryo biopsy similar to that used in pre-implantation genetic diagnosis of genetic defects-that does not interfere with the developmental potential of embryos. Five putative ES and seven trophoblast stem (TS) cell lines were produced from single blastomeres, which maintained normal karyotype and markers of pluripotency or TS cells for up to more than 50 passages. The ES cells differentiated into derivatives of all three germ layers in vitro and in teratomas, and showed germ line transmission. Single-blastomere-biopsied embryos developed to term without a reduction in their developmental capacity. The ability to generate human ES cells without the destruction of ex utero embryos would reduce or eliminate the ethical concerns of many.