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31.
The European Union Water Framework Directive offers an unparalleled opportunity for improving river basin management and moving towards a sustainable future. It is widely accepted that the concept of sustainable development itself can be understood in fairly simple terms, but that implementation, making the concept practically operable, is difficult to achieve in practice. There is a need to animate this process, making it more engaging and comprehensible for participants. This research examined the emerging role of active stakeholder participation in planning for sustainability. The DesignWays planning process, developed by the author, was tested in the context of waterside regeneration in the Mersey Basin Campaign. The overall aim of this research was to explore the use of a systems thinking paradigm to inform participatory ecological design. It has demonstrated that a process consistent with a living systems paradigm can contribute to the development of more integrated, ecologically sound plans. 相似文献
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Locke DP Hillier LW Warren WC Worley KC Nazareth LV Muzny DM Yang SP Wang Z Chinwalla AT Minx P Mitreva M Cook L Delehaunty KD Fronick C Schmidt H Fulton LA Fulton RS Nelson JO Magrini V Pohl C Graves TA Markovic C Cree A Dinh HH Hume J Kovar CL Fowler GR Lunter G Meader S Heger A Ponting CP Marques-Bonet T Alkan C Chen L Cheng Z Kidd JM Eichler EE White S Searle S Vilella AJ Chen Y Flicek P Ma J Raney B Suh B Burhans R Herrero J Haussler D Faria R Fernando O Darré F Farré D Gazave E Oliva M 《Nature》2011,469(7331):529-533
'Orang-utan' is derived from a Malay term meaning 'man of the forest' and aptly describes the southeast Asian great apes native to Sumatra and Borneo. The orang-utan species, Pongo abelii (Sumatran) and Pongo pygmaeus (Bornean), are the most phylogenetically distant great apes from humans, thereby providing an informative perspective on hominid evolution. Here we present a Sumatran orang-utan draft genome assembly and short read sequence data from five Sumatran and five Bornean orang-utan genomes. Our analyses reveal that, compared to other primates, the orang-utan genome has many unique features. Structural evolution of the orang-utan genome has proceeded much more slowly than other great apes, evidenced by fewer rearrangements, less segmental duplication, a lower rate of gene family turnover and surprisingly quiescent Alu repeats, which have played a major role in restructuring other primate genomes. We also describe a primate polymorphic neocentromere, found in both Pongo species, emphasizing the gradual evolution of orang-utan genome structure. Orang-utans have extremely low energy usage for a eutherian mammal, far lower than their hominid relatives. Adding their genome to the repertoire of sequenced primates illuminates new signals of positive selection in several pathways including glycolipid metabolism. From the population perspective, both Pongo species are deeply diverse; however, Sumatran individuals possess greater diversity than their Bornean counterparts, and more species-specific variation. Our estimate of Bornean/Sumatran speciation time, 400,000?years ago, is more recent than most previous studies and underscores the complexity of the orang-utan speciation process. Despite a smaller modern census population size, the Sumatran effective population size (N(e)) expanded exponentially relative to the ancestral N(e) after the split, while Bornean N(e) declined over the same period. Overall, the resources and analyses presented here offer new opportunities in evolutionary genomics, insights into hominid biology, and an extensive database of variation for conservation efforts. 相似文献
33.
Garfield AS Cowley M Smith FM Moorwood K Stewart-Cox JE Gilroy K Baker S Xia J Dalley JW Hurst LD Wilkinson LS Isles AR Ward A 《Nature》2011,469(7331):534-538
Imprinted genes, defined by their preferential expression of a single parental allele, represent a subset of the mammalian genome and often have key roles in embryonic development, but also postnatal functions including energy homeostasis and behaviour. When the two parental alleles are unequally represented within a social group (when there is sex bias in dispersal and/or variance in reproductive success), imprinted genes may evolve to modulate social behaviour, although so far no such instance is known. Predominantly expressed from the maternal allele during embryogenesis, Grb10 encodes an intracellular adaptor protein that can interact with several receptor tyrosine kinases and downstream signalling molecules. Here we demonstrate that within the brain Grb10 is expressed from the paternal allele from fetal life into adulthood and that ablation of this expression engenders increased social dominance specifically among other aspects of social behaviour, a finding supported by the observed increase in allogrooming by paternal Grb10-deficient animals. Grb10 is, therefore, the first example of an imprinted gene that regulates social behaviour. It is also currently alone in exhibiting imprinted expression from each of the parental alleles in a tissue-specific manner, as loss of the peripherally expressed maternal allele leads to significant fetal and placental overgrowth. Thus Grb10 is, so far, a unique imprinted gene, able to influence distinct physiological processes, fetal growth and adult behaviour, owing to actions of the two parental alleles in different tissues. 相似文献
34.
Yokoyama S Woods SL Boyle GM Aoude LG MacGregor S Zismann V Gartside M Cust AE Haq R Harland M Taylor JC Duffy DL Holohan K Dutton-Regester K Palmer JM Bonazzi V Stark MS Symmons J Law MH Schmidt C Lanagan C O'Connor L Holland EA Schmid H Maskiell JA Jetann J Ferguson M Jenkins MA Kefford RF Giles GG Armstrong BK Aitken JF Hopper JL Whiteman DC Pharoah PD Easton DF Dunning AM Newton-Bishop JA Montgomery GW Martin NG Mann GJ Bishop DT Tsao H Trent JM Fisher DE Hayward NK Brown KM 《Nature》2011,480(7375):99-103
35.
Li W Bloom JS Podsiadlowski P Miller AA Cenko SB Jha SW Sullivan M Howell DA Nugent PE Butler NR Ofek EO Kasliwal MM Richards JW Stockton A Shih HY Bildsten L Shara MM Bibby J Filippenko AV Ganeshalingam M Silverman JM Kulkarni SR Law NM Poznanski D Quimby RM McCully C Patel B Maguire K Shen KJ 《Nature》2011,480(7377):348-350
Type Ia supernovae are thought to result from a thermonuclear explosion of an accreting white dwarf in a binary system, but little is known of the precise nature of the companion star and the physical properties of the progenitor system. There are two classes of models: double-degenerate (involving two white dwarfs in a close binary system) and single-degenerate models. In the latter, the primary white dwarf accretes material from a secondary companion until conditions are such that carbon ignites, at a mass of 1.38 times the mass of the Sun. The type Ia supernova SN 2011fe was recently detected in a nearby galaxy. Here we report an analysis of archival images of the location of SN 2011fe. The luminosity of the progenitor system (especially the companion star) is 10-100 times fainter than previous limits on other type Ia supernova progenitor systems, allowing us to rule out luminous red giants and almost all helium stars as the mass-donating companion to the exploding white dwarf. 相似文献
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Zusammenfassung In Blättern und Nüssen vonGinkgo biloba wurde eine Gruppe ungesättigter Fettsäuren gefunden, die in ihrer Struktur von der üblichen Anordnung der Doppelbindungen in Fettsäuren abweichen. Jede der ungewöhnlichen Säuren hat die «isolierte» Doppelbindung in 5-Position, was auf eine neuartige Biosynthese dieser Dien-, Trien- und Tetraensäuren hinweist.
This work has been supported by a research grant from the National Institutes of Health (USPHS AM-05165) and by the Hormel Foundation. 相似文献
This work has been supported by a research grant from the National Institutes of Health (USPHS AM-05165) and by the Hormel Foundation. 相似文献
38.
Résumé L'ADN cytoplasmique d'hépatome fixe deux fois plus de3H-actinomycin D que le foie normal. Cette différence peut être expliquée soit par l'augmentation de l'ADN cytoplasmique du tumeur ou par l'augmentation de fixation de3H-actinomycin D à l'ADN du tumeur. 相似文献
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Logan CV Lucke B Pottinger C Abdelhamed ZA Parry DA Szymanska K Diggle CP van Riesen A Morgan JE Markham G Ellis I Manzur AY Markham AF Shires M Helliwell T Scoto M Hübner C Bonthron DT Taylor GR Sheridan E Muntoni F Carr IM Schuelke M Johnson CA 《Nature genetics》2011,43(12):1189-1192
Infantile myopathies with diaphragmatic paralysis are genetically heterogeneous, and clinical symptoms do not assist in differentiating between them. We used phased haplotype analysis with subsequent targeted exome sequencing to identify MEGF10 mutations in a previously unidentified type of infantile myopathy with diaphragmatic weakness, areflexia, respiratory distress and dysphagia. MEGF10 is highly expressed in activated satellite cells and regulates their proliferation as well as their differentiation and fusion into multinucleated myofibers, which are greatly reduced in muscle from individuals with early onset myopathy, areflexia, respiratory distress and dysphagia. 相似文献