全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1486篇 |
免费 | 4篇 |
国内免费 | 14篇 |
专业分类
系统科学 | 110篇 |
丛书文集 | 2篇 |
教育与普及 | 11篇 |
理论与方法论 | 32篇 |
现状及发展 | 236篇 |
研究方法 | 212篇 |
综合类 | 788篇 |
自然研究 | 113篇 |
出版年
2020年 | 5篇 |
2019年 | 6篇 |
2018年 | 11篇 |
2017年 | 13篇 |
2016年 | 8篇 |
2015年 | 11篇 |
2014年 | 10篇 |
2013年 | 37篇 |
2012年 | 117篇 |
2011年 | 232篇 |
2010年 | 40篇 |
2009年 | 7篇 |
2008年 | 104篇 |
2007年 | 105篇 |
2006年 | 93篇 |
2005年 | 124篇 |
2004年 | 114篇 |
2003年 | 105篇 |
2002年 | 95篇 |
2001年 | 16篇 |
2000年 | 15篇 |
1999年 | 22篇 |
1998年 | 16篇 |
1997年 | 8篇 |
1996年 | 9篇 |
1995年 | 15篇 |
1993年 | 6篇 |
1992年 | 19篇 |
1991年 | 8篇 |
1990年 | 9篇 |
1989年 | 6篇 |
1988年 | 8篇 |
1987年 | 3篇 |
1986年 | 7篇 |
1985年 | 12篇 |
1984年 | 5篇 |
1983年 | 5篇 |
1982年 | 10篇 |
1981年 | 3篇 |
1979年 | 7篇 |
1978年 | 4篇 |
1977年 | 5篇 |
1976年 | 3篇 |
1974年 | 5篇 |
1972年 | 4篇 |
1971年 | 3篇 |
1965年 | 3篇 |
1958年 | 2篇 |
1957年 | 4篇 |
1956年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有1504条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
31.
32.
33.
A SUMOylation-defective MITF germline mutation predisposes to melanoma and renal carcinoma 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Bertolotto C Lesueur F Giuliano S Strub T de Lichy M Bille K Dessen P d'Hayer B Mohamdi H Remenieras A Maubec E de la Fouchardière A Molinié V Vabres P Dalle S Poulalhon N Martin-Denavit T Thomas L Andry-Benzaquen P Dupin N Boitier F Rossi A Perrot JL Labeille B Robert C Escudier B Caron O Brugières L Saule S Gardie B Gad S Richard S Couturier J Teh BT Ghiorzo P Pastorino L Puig S Badenas C Olsson H Ingvar C Rouleau E Lidereau R Bahadoran P Vielh P Corda E Blanché H Zelenika D 《Nature》2011,480(7375):94-98
34.
35.
36.
Zaidi MR Davis S Noonan FP Graff-Cherry C Hawley TS Walker RL Feigenbaum L Fuchs E Lyakh L Young HA Hornyak TJ Arnheiter H Trinchieri G Meltzer PS De Fabo EC Merlino G 《Nature》2011,469(7331):548-553
Cutaneous malignant melanoma is a highly aggressive and frequently chemoresistant cancer, the incidence of which continues to rise. Epidemiological studies show that the major aetiological melanoma risk factor is ultraviolet (UV) solar radiation, with the highest risk associated with intermittent burning doses, especially during childhood. We have experimentally validated these epidemiological findings using the hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor transgenic mouse model, which develops lesions in stages highly reminiscent of human melanoma with respect to biological, genetic and aetiological criteria, but only when irradiated as neonatal pups with UVB, not UVA. However, the mechanisms underlying UVB-initiated, neonatal-specific melanomagenesis remain largely unknown. Here we introduce a mouse model permitting fluorescence-aided melanocyte imaging and isolation following in vivo UV irradiation. We use expression profiling to show that activated neonatal skin melanocytes isolated following a melanomagenic UVB dose bear a distinct, persistent interferon response signature, including genes associated with immunoevasion. UVB-induced melanocyte activation, characterized by aberrant growth and migration, was abolished by antibody-mediated systemic blockade of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), but not type-I interferons. IFN-γ was produced by macrophages recruited to neonatal skin by UVB-induced ligands to the chemokine receptor Ccr2. Admixed recruited skin macrophages enhanced transplanted melanoma growth by inhibiting apoptosis; notably, IFN-γ blockade abolished macrophage-enhanced melanoma growth and survival. IFN-γ-producing macrophages were also identified in 70% of human melanomas examined. Our data reveal an unanticipated role for IFN-γ in promoting melanocytic cell survival/immunoevasion, identifying a novel candidate therapeutic target for a subset of melanoma patients. 相似文献
37.
Sensory information is transmitted to the brain where it must be processed to translate stimulus features into appropriate behavioural output. In the olfactory system, distributed neural activity in the nose is converted into a segregated map in the olfactory bulb. Here we investigate how this ordered representation is transformed in higher olfactory centres in mice. We have developed a tracing strategy to define the neural circuits that convey information from individual glomeruli in the olfactory bulb to the piriform cortex and the cortical amygdala. The spatial order in the bulb is discarded in the piriform cortex; axons from individual glomeruli project diffusely to the piriform without apparent spatial preference. In the cortical amygdala, we observe broad patches of projections that are spatially stereotyped for individual glomeruli. These projections to the amygdala are overlapping and afford the opportunity for spatially localized integration of information from multiple glomeruli. The identification of a distributive pattern of projections to the piriform and stereotyped projections to the amygdala provides an anatomical context for the generation of learned and innate behaviours. 相似文献
38.
39.
Kaneko H Dridi S Tarallo V Gelfand BD Fowler BJ Cho WG Kleinman ME Ponicsan SL Hauswirth WW Chiodo VA Karikó K Yoo JW Lee DK Hadziahmetovic M Song Y Misra S Chaudhuri G Buaas FW Braun RE Hinton DR Zhang Q Grossniklaus HE Provis JM Madigan MC Milam AH Justice NL Albuquerque RJ Blandford AD Bogdanovich S Hirano Y Witta J Fuchs E Littman DR Ambati BK Rudin CM Chong MM Provost P Kugel JF Goodrich JA Dunaief JL Baffi JZ Ambati J 《Nature》2011,471(7338):325-330
40.
Schreiner PR Chernish LV Gunchenko PA Tikhonchuk EY Hausmann H Serafin M Schlecht S Dahl JE Carlson RM Fokin AA 《Nature》2011,477(7364):308-311
Steric effects in chemistry are a consequence of the space required to accommodate the atoms and groups within a molecule, and are often thought to be dominated by repulsive forces arising from overlapping electron densities (Pauli repulsion). An appreciation of attractive interactions such as van der Waals forces (which include London dispersion forces) is necessary to understand chemical bonding and reactivity fully. This is evident from, for example, the strongly debated origin of the higher stability of branched alkanes relative to linear alkanes and the possibility of constructing hydrocarbons with extraordinarily long C-C single bonds through steric crowding. Although empirical bond distance/bond strength relationships have been established for C-C bonds (longer C-C bonds have smaller bond dissociation energies), these have no present theoretical basis. Nevertheless, these empirical considerations are fundamental to structural and energetic evaluations in chemistry, as summarized by Pauling as early as 1960 and confirmed more recently. Here we report the preparation of hydrocarbons with extremely long C-C bonds (up to 1.704??), the longest such bonds observed so far in alkanes. The prepared compounds are unexpectedly stable--noticeable decomposition occurs only above 200?°C. We prepared the alkanes by coupling nanometre-sized, diamond-like, highly rigid structures known as diamondoids. The extraordinary stability of the coupling products is due to overall attractive dispersion interactions between the intramolecular H???H contact surfaces, as is evident from density functional theory computations with and without inclusion of dispersion corrections. 相似文献