全文获取类型
收费全文 | 49859篇 |
免费 | 117篇 |
国内免费 | 206篇 |
专业分类
系统科学 | 269篇 |
丛书文集 | 1078篇 |
教育与普及 | 107篇 |
理论与方法论 | 281篇 |
现状及发展 | 22759篇 |
研究方法 | 1901篇 |
综合类 | 23095篇 |
自然研究 | 692篇 |
出版年
2013年 | 385篇 |
2012年 | 654篇 |
2011年 | 1381篇 |
2010年 | 285篇 |
2008年 | 861篇 |
2007年 | 916篇 |
2006年 | 942篇 |
2005年 | 920篇 |
2004年 | 873篇 |
2003年 | 864篇 |
2002年 | 882篇 |
2001年 | 1449篇 |
2000年 | 1337篇 |
1999年 | 915篇 |
1992年 | 884篇 |
1991年 | 704篇 |
1990年 | 760篇 |
1989年 | 780篇 |
1988年 | 751篇 |
1987年 | 806篇 |
1986年 | 776篇 |
1985年 | 944篇 |
1984年 | 744篇 |
1983年 | 637篇 |
1982年 | 568篇 |
1981年 | 580篇 |
1980年 | 744篇 |
1979年 | 1537篇 |
1978年 | 1331篇 |
1977年 | 1314篇 |
1976年 | 997篇 |
1975年 | 1066篇 |
1974年 | 1482篇 |
1973年 | 1291篇 |
1972年 | 1342篇 |
1971年 | 1576篇 |
1970年 | 2049篇 |
1969年 | 1546篇 |
1968年 | 1514篇 |
1967年 | 1540篇 |
1966年 | 1304篇 |
1965年 | 940篇 |
1964年 | 275篇 |
1959年 | 535篇 |
1958年 | 870篇 |
1957年 | 656篇 |
1956年 | 561篇 |
1955年 | 488篇 |
1954年 | 545篇 |
1948年 | 326篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
991.
992.
993.
Jérôme Lamy 《Annals of science》2013,70(1):75-98
Les observatoires occidentaux se transforment en véritable usine scientifique à partir du milieu du 19e siècle. L'astrométrie symbolise ce passage à une économie industrieuse des pratiques scientifiques. Le chronographe imprimant, qui permet de réduire les équations personnelles des observateurs, s'impose, d'abord aux Etats-Unis, puis en Angleterre, en instrument-emblème de cette transformation profonde. En France, les initiatives de l'astronome Liais restent prototypiques. Ce n'est qu'au début du 20e siècle, par les voies détournées de l'observatoire d'Hendaye et de l'abbé Verschaffel, que le chronographe imprimant fait son retour et conquiert les espaces savants. La centralisation excessive de l'astronomie française, l'autoritarisme du directeur de l'Observatoire de Paris Urbain Le Verrier, et la faiblesse du marché des instruments expliquent pourquoi le chronographe imprimant n'a fait souche que très tardivement en France. 相似文献
994.
995.
M. F. Low 《Annals of science》2013,70(3):327-328
In 1670, the Bolognese mathematician Pietro Mengoli published his Speculationi di musica, a highly original work attempting to found the mathematical study of music on the anatomy of the ear. His anatomy was idiosyncratic and his mathematics extraordinarily complex, and he proposed a unique double mechanism of hearing. He analysed in detail the supposed behaviour of the subtle part of the air inside the ear, and the patterns of strokes made on the eardrum by simultaneous sounds. Most strikingly, he divided the musical octave into a continuous set of regions which he colour-coded to show their effects on a listener. His work did not find its way into the mainstream of seventeenth-century mathematical studies of music, but when examined in its context it has the potential to shed light on that discipline, as well as being of considerable interest in its own right. Here, I focus on the anatomical and mathematical basis of Mengoli's work. 相似文献
996.
997.
J.M. Dubbey M.Sc. 《Annals of science》2013,70(1):37-48
In the history of chemistry, the Danish chemist Julius Thomsen (1826–1909) is best known for his contributions to thermochemistry. Throughout his life, he was a pronounced atomist and a tireless advocate of neo-Proutian views as to the constitution of matter. On many occasions, especially in his later years, he engaged in speculations concerning the unity of matter and the complexity of atoms. In this engagement, Thomsen was alone in Danish chemistry, but his works were representative of a large number of 19th-century chemists, particularly in England and Germany. Thomsen's ideas as to the constitution of matter, the periodic system and the noble gases, may be seen as typical of this vigorous trend in fin de siècle chemistry. 相似文献
998.
K.J. Franklin D.M. F.R.C.P. 《Annals of science》2013,70(3):203-228
We present an analysis, and first full English translation, of a paper by Kant entitled ‘Über die Vulcane im Monde’ (1785). Kant became interested in the question of whether the mountains of the Moon were extinct volcanoes. Stimulated by the work of Herschel, Aepinus, and others, he considered the appearance of the Moon's surface and the possibility of lunar vulcanism. From this, he was led to consider the structures of mountain ranges on the Earth, which he decided were non-volcanic in origin, being produced by eruptions of vapours from the interior of the Earth soon after it formed from an original ‘chaos’. Kant developed his ideas in such a way as to yield a characteristic eighteenth-century ‘theory of the Earth’. We argue that the empirical base of his theory was provided by knowledge of the mountain ranges of Bohemia and Moravia. Analogies based on observations of the Moon further assisted in the construction of the theory. But the reasoning ran in two directions: what was seen on the Moon was construed in terms of what Kant knew of the Earth's topography; and the Earth's topography was presumed to be analogous to that of the Moon, for both the Earth and the Moon (and indeed all heavenly bodies) supposedly had essentially similar origins. Kant's ideas of 1785 are related to his earlier writings of 1754, 1755, and 1756, and also to the lectures on physical geography that he presented at Königsberg. 相似文献
999.
As the most famous woman scientist of the twentieth century, there has been no shortage of books and articles on the life and career of Marie Curie (1867–1934). Her role as a director of a laboratory-based research school in the new scientific field of radioactivity, a field which embraced both chemistry and physics, however, has never been examined. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the question of research schools, and Morrell, Ravetz, Geison, and Klosterman, amongst others, have written on this subject. Using, in part, the methodology of Morrell, this paper investigates the role of Marie Curie as a school director in the Paris Faculty in the years 1907–14, examining the work and characteristics of her school and assessing her effectiveness as a director. 相似文献
1000.
J. Mittelstrass 《Annals of science》2013,70(6):593-610
In Descartes, the concept of a ‘universal science’ differs from that of a ‘mathesis universalis’, in that the latter is simply a general theory of quantities and proportions. Mathesis universalis is closely linked with mathematical analysis; the theorem to be proved is taken as given, and the analyst seeks to discover that from which the theorem follows. Though the analytic method is followed in the Meditations, Descartes is not concerned with a mathematisation of method; mathematics merely provides him with examples. Leibniz, on the other hand, stressed the importance of a calculus as a way of representing and adding to what is known, and tried to construct a ‘universal calculus’ as part of his proposed universal symbolism, his ‘characteristica universalis’. The characteristica universalis was never completed—it proved impossible, for example, to list its basic terms, the ‘alphabet of human thoughts’—but parts of it did come to fruition, in the shape of Leibniz's infinitesimal calculus and his various logical calculi. By his construction of these calculi, Leibniz proved that it is possible to operate with concepts in a purely formal way. 相似文献