全文获取类型
收费全文 | 5132篇 |
免费 | 18篇 |
国内免费 | 21篇 |
专业分类
系统科学 | 12篇 |
丛书文集 | 19篇 |
教育与普及 | 6篇 |
理论与方法论 | 4篇 |
现状及发展 | 2223篇 |
研究方法 | 264篇 |
综合类 | 2614篇 |
自然研究 | 29篇 |
出版年
2013年 | 55篇 |
2012年 | 102篇 |
2011年 | 135篇 |
2010年 | 29篇 |
2008年 | 98篇 |
2007年 | 113篇 |
2006年 | 99篇 |
2005年 | 98篇 |
2004年 | 123篇 |
2003年 | 88篇 |
2002年 | 93篇 |
2001年 | 182篇 |
2000年 | 151篇 |
1999年 | 120篇 |
1992年 | 114篇 |
1991年 | 74篇 |
1990年 | 75篇 |
1989年 | 65篇 |
1988年 | 69篇 |
1987年 | 78篇 |
1986年 | 57篇 |
1985年 | 96篇 |
1984年 | 91篇 |
1983年 | 78篇 |
1982年 | 62篇 |
1981年 | 55篇 |
1980年 | 68篇 |
1979年 | 174篇 |
1978年 | 141篇 |
1977年 | 113篇 |
1976年 | 116篇 |
1975年 | 123篇 |
1974年 | 147篇 |
1973年 | 119篇 |
1972年 | 124篇 |
1971年 | 149篇 |
1970年 | 198篇 |
1969年 | 144篇 |
1968年 | 151篇 |
1967年 | 127篇 |
1966年 | 137篇 |
1965年 | 104篇 |
1964年 | 39篇 |
1959年 | 39篇 |
1958年 | 68篇 |
1957年 | 47篇 |
1956年 | 38篇 |
1955年 | 36篇 |
1954年 | 46篇 |
1948年 | 28篇 |
排序方式: 共有5171条查询结果,搜索用时 93 毫秒
181.
The thymus positively selects thymocytes that bear T-cell receptors which recognize antigen presented by self major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins. Positive selection is usually driven by MHC products on radiation-resistant cortical epithelial cells. It is unknown whether positive selection is mediated by all thymic epithelial cells or by some specialized subsets. Here we introduce an H-2b-expressing thymic epithelial cell line into the thymuses of lethally irradiated H-2k animals reconstituted with H-2b/k F1 BM or fetal liver cells. I-Ab-restricted T cells are found in these animals, demonstrating that selection occurs on the introduced epithelial cells. 相似文献
182.
D J Roberts A G Craig A R Berendt R Pinches G Nash K Marsh C I Newbold 《Nature》1992,357(6380):689-692
Adhesion of parasitized erythrocytes to post-capillary venular endothelium or uninfected red cells is strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Neoantigens at the infected red-cell surface adhere to a variety of host receptors, demonstrate serological diversity in field isolates and may also be a target of the host-protective immune response. Here we use sequential cloning of P. falciparum by micromanipulation to investigate the ability of a parasite to switch antigenic and cytoadherence phenotypes. Our data show that antigens at the parasitized cell surface undergo clonal variation in vitro in the absence of immune pressure at the rate of 2% per generation with concomitant modulations of the adhesive phenotype. A clone has the potential to switch at high frequency to a variety of antigenic and adhesive phenotypes, including a new type of cytoadherence behaviour, 'auto-agglutination' of infected erythrocytes. This rapid appearance of antigenic and functional heterogeneity has important implications for pathogenesis and acquired immunity. 相似文献
183.
提出了制定高速公路收费模式应遵循的三个目标:效益,收益和公平目标。结合沪嘉高速公路收费模式,从经济效益,财务收益和使用者效益分析角度,提出了制定和评价高速公路收费模型的程序和方法。 相似文献
184.
Purification and cloning of amyloid precursor protein beta-secretase from human brain 总被引:40,自引:0,他引:40
Sinha S Anderson JP Barbour R Basi GS Caccavello R Davis D Doan M Dovey HF Frigon N Hong J Jacobson-Croak K Jewett N Keim P Knops J Lieberburg I Power M Tan H Tatsuno G Tung J Schenk D Seubert P Suomensaari SM Wang S Walker D Zhao J McConlogue L John V 《Nature》1999,402(6761):537-540
Proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) generates amyloid beta (Abeta) peptide, which is thought to be causal for the pathology and subsequent cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease. Cleavage by beta-secretase at the amino terminus of the Abeta peptide sequence, between residues 671 and 672 of APP, leads to the generation and extracellular release of beta-cleaved soluble APP, and a corresponding cell-associated carboxy-terminal fragment. Cleavage of the C-terminal fragment by gamma-secretase(s) leads to the formation of Abeta. The pathogenic mutation K670M671-->N670L671 at the beta-secretase cleavage site in APP, which was discovered in a Swedish family with familial Alzheimer's disease, leads to increased beta-secretase cleavage of the mutant substrate. Here we describe a membrane-bound enzyme activity that cleaves full-length APP at the beta-secretase cleavage site, and find it to be the predominant beta-cleavage activity in human brain. We have purified this enzyme activity to homogeneity from human brain using a new substrate analogue inhibitor of the enzyme activity, and show that the purified enzyme has all the properties predicted for beta-secretase. Cloning and expression of the enzyme reveals that human brain beta-secretase is a new membrane-bound aspartic proteinase. 相似文献
185.
186.
Sequence and analysis of chromosome 2 of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana 总被引:21,自引:0,他引:21
Lin X Kaul S Rounsley S Shea TP Benito MI Town CD Fujii CY Mason T Bowman CL Barnstead M Feldblyum TV Buell CR Ketchum KA Lee J Ronning CM Koo HL Moffat KS Cronin LA Shen M Pai G Van Aken S Umayam L Tallon LJ Gill JE Adams MD Carrera AJ Creasy TH Goodman HM Somerville CR Copenhaver GP Preuss D Nierman WC White O Eisen JA Salzberg SL Fraser CM Venter JC 《Nature》1999,402(6763):761-768
Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) is unique among plant model organisms in having a small genome (130-140 Mb), excellent physical and genetic maps, and little repetitive DNA. Here we report the sequence of chromosome 2 from the Columbia ecotype in two gap-free assemblies (contigs) of 3.6 and 16 megabases (Mb). The latter represents the longest published stretch of uninterrupted DNA sequence assembled from any organism to date. Chromosome 2 represents 15% of the genome and encodes 4,037 genes, 49% of which have no predicted function. Roughly 250 tandem gene duplications were found in addition to large-scale duplications of about 0.5 and 4.5 Mb between chromosomes 2 and 1 and between chromosomes 2 and 4, respectively. Sequencing of nearly 2 Mb within the genetically defined centromere revealed a low density of recognizable genes, and a high density and diverse range of vestigial and presumably inactive mobile elements. More unexpected is what appears to be a recent insertion of a continuous stretch of 75% of the mitochondrial genome into chromosome 2. 相似文献
187.
Sarti P Silver RB Paroli L Nikonorov I Blanck TJ 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》1999,56(11-12):1061-1069
Rat heart myocytes undergoing progressive damage demonstrate morphological changes of shortening and swelling followed by the formation of intracellular vacuoles and plasma membrane blebbing. The damaged myocytes displayed impaired N,N'-tetramethyl-p-phenyldiamine (TMPD) ascorbate-stimulated respiratory activity which was restored by the addition of reduced cytochrome c to the cell culture medium. To clarify the role played by cytochrome c in the impairment of cell respiration, polarographic, spectrophotometric and fluorescence as well as electron microscopy imaging experiments were performed. TMPD/ascorbate-stimulated respiratory activity returned to control levels, at approximately 20 microM cytochrome c, establishing the threshold below which the turnover rate by cytochrome c oxidase in the cell depends on cytochrome concentration. Mildly damaged cardiac myocytes, as indicated by cell shortening, retention of visible striations and free-fluorescein exclusion, together with the absence of lactate dehydrogenase leakage and exclusion of trypan blue, were able to oxidize exogenous cytochrome c and were permeable to fluorescein-conjugated cytochrome c. The results, while consistent with an early cytochrome c release observed at the beginning of cell death, elucidate the role played by cytochrome c in the kinetic control of mitochondrial electron transfer under pathological conditions, particularly those involving the terminal part of the respiratory chain. These data are the first to demonstrate that the sarcolemma of cardiac myocytes, damaged but still viable, is permeable to cytochrome c. 相似文献
188.
Glycine: a new anti-inflammatory immunonutrient 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
189.
CACP, encoding a secreted proteoglycan, is mutated in camptodactyly-arthropathy-coxa vara-pericarditis syndrome. 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
J Marcelino J D Carpten W M Suwairi O M Gutierrez S Schwartz C Robbins R Sood I Makalowska A Baxevanis B Johnstone R M Laxer L Zemel C A Kim J K Herd J Ihle C Williams M Johnson V Raman L G Alonso D Brunoni A Gerstein N Papadopoulos S A Bahabri J M Trent M L Warman 《Nature genetics》1999,23(3):319-322
Altered growth and function of synoviocytes, the intimal cells which line joint cavities and tendon sheaths, occur in a number of skeletal diseases. Hyperplasia of synoviocytes is found in both rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, despite differences in the underlying aetiologies of the two disorders. We have studied the autosomal recessive disorder camptodactyly-arthropathy-coxa vara-pericarditis syndrome (CACP; MIM 208250) to identify biological pathways that lead to synoviocyte hyperplasia, the principal pathological feature of this syndrome. Using a positional-candidate approach, we identified mutations in a gene (CACP) encoding a secreted proteoglycan as the cause of CACP. The CACP protein, which has previously been identified as both 'megakaryocyte stimulating factor precursor' and 'superficial zone protein', contains domains that have homology to somatomedin B, heparin-binding proteins, mucins and haemopexins. In addition to expression in joint synovium and cartilage, CACP is expressed in non-skeletal tissues including liver and pericardium. The similarity of CACP sequence to that of other protein families and the expression of CACP in non-skeletal tissues suggest it may have diverse biological activities. 相似文献
190.
A spelling device for the paralysed 总被引:29,自引:0,他引:29
Birbaumer N Ghanayim N Hinterberger T Iversen I Kotchoubey B Kübler A Perelmouter J Taub E Flor H 《Nature》1999,398(6725):297-298