Retrograde transport of endocytosed Shiga toxin to the endoplasmic reticulum.

Shiga toxin and some other protein toxins that act on targets in the cytosol have previously been shown to enter the trans-Golgi network. Transport by this route may be necessary for translocation of the toxin to the cytosol and for intoxication, but it is not known whether the enzymatically active part of the toxins actually enters the cytosol from the trans-Golgi network. It has been suggested that such toxins are transported in a retrograde manner to the endoplasmic reticulum and that translocation occurs in this organelle, but retrograde transport of endocytosed material beyond the trans-Golgi network has never been demonstrated. Here we show that in butyric acid-treated A431 cells endocytosed Shiga toxin is not only transported to the trans-Golgi network, but also to all Golgi stacks, to the endoplasmic reticulum and to the nuclear envelope. Furthermore, butyric acid sensitizes the cells to Shiga toxin, which is consistent with the possibility that retrograde transport is required for translocation of the toxin to the cytosol.     

论学分制管理模式下的高校学生管理制度改革

实行学分制是高校适应经济社会发展的教学体制创新性改革的必要性选择 .学分制的管理模式是要从人才培养的整齐划一转向培养模式的多样化 ,并注重学生个性发展 .在认真分析了学分制的本质特征以及实施学分制后对学生管理工作的影响后 ,认为学生管理工作是学分制得以顺利实行的重要保证之一 .进而从理论与实践方面 ,进行了学分制管理模式下的高校学生管理制度改革探索     

Der Einfluß der Nebenniere auf die Kreislaufwirkung des Adrenalins

Summary Traces of nor-adrenaline restore the vascular action of adrenaline altered in epinephrectomized dogs to the reaction of the normal animal. Therefore it is claimed that the adrenals discharge one or several substances into the blood stream, which are necessary for the usual peripheral vascular action of adrenaline. Further investigations are in progress.     

The crystal-like anatomical uniformity of the striate cortex

The visual field is topographically mapped onto the primary visual cortex (V1), forming a retinotopic map which is far more detailed for the foveal regions than for the periphery. We found that receptive field (RF) size in monkey V1 increases with eccentricity, and that a 1—2 m² V1 region contains roughly a complete set of machinery necessary to analyze a visual-field area whose size is about that of the RFs of the cells. This allows V1 to be anatomically uniform, and is in sharp contrast with the retina.     

Elaboration and Properties of Nanocomposite Structures Based on Crown Modified Platinum Nanoparticles

1 Results This paper presents the development of platinum nanocomposites structures based on organically modified c.a.2 nm core platinum nanoparticles.The chemical modification of the 4-mercaptoaniline functionalized particles by various in coming molecules is evidenced and precisely quantified.The particles can be dissolved like molecules in various solvents depending on the features of the new crown and X-rays shows that the interparticle distance is affected by the crown modification.These platinum n...     

液态金属压铸机的实时压射控制系统

为了满足压铸工艺的要求，有必要进行压射机构的改造并对压射实施自动控制．为此，研究了液态金属压铸机压射结构的重新设计及其实时控制，设计了一套对压射进行实时控制的系统，着重研究了该系统的组成、基本原理及其特点．