汽车驾驶疲劳的一种综合性评定方法

在分析人的疲劳的现代特征、定义和评价方法的基础上,提出一种将调查表设计、调查试验和数据统计分析融为一体的汽车驾驶疲劳综合性评定方法.该方法首先设计开发一种新的综合性调查表,不仅对驾驶员的自觉疲劳症状进行评定,而且对交通环境等影响因素进行感官定性测量,然后通过调查试验和数据统计分析探讨各种因素对汽车驾驶疲劳的影响.采用该方法对日本54名货车驾驶员进行了较长时间的跟踪调查和试验,并进行了试验数据统计分析.结果表明,与日本汽车交通事故统计的结果一致,从而证明了该综合评定方法是有效可行的.     

东北地区三种典型次生林土壤有机碳、总氮及微生物特征的比较研究

研究了东北东部山区暗棕壤和白浆土两种土壤类型上生长的三种典型次生林(白桦林、柞树林和杂木林)的林地土壤有机碳、总氮含量及土壤微生物特征,详细比较分析了相同土壤类型上的不同林分,以及不同土壤类型上分布的相同林分对不同层次土壤有机碳、总氮含量及微生物特征的影响差异.结果表明:A层土壤中土壤有机碳、总氮含量及土壤微生物占绝对优势,且因土壤类型和林分的不同而有着显著差异.暗棕壤上各林分上土壤有机碳、总氮含量的顺序为:杂木林＞白桦林＞柞树林,且相互之间差异显著.杂木林的土壤微生物数量和生物量显著高于白桦林和柞树林,但是白桦林和柞树林之间的差异不显著;白浆土上土壤有机碳、总氮含量的顺序为:白桦林＞杂木林＞柞树林,土壤微生物数量和生物量的顺序为:白桦林＞柞树林＞杂木林,且相互之间差异显著.白桦林在白浆土上的有机碳、总氮及微生物数量和生物量显著高于暗棕壤,而杂木林在暗棕壤上的各检测指标均高于白浆土,柞树林在白浆土中的有机碳、总氮显著高于暗棕壤,但其微生物数量和生物量在两种土壤类型中的差异呈相反趋势.以上被检测的土壤有机碳、总氮及其土壤微生物数量和生物量等各指标间存在显著的相关性.     

Superconductors: unusual oxygen isotope effects in cuprates?

The possibility that a pairing boson might act as the 'glue' to bind electrons into a Cooper pair in superconductors with a high critical temperature (T(c)) is being actively pursued in condensed-matter physics. Gweon et al. claim that there is a large and unusual oxygen-isotope effect on the electronic structure, indicating that phonons have a special importance in high-temperature superconductors. However, we are unable to detect this unusual oxygen-isotope effect in new data collected under almost identical material and experimental conditions. Our findings point towards a more conventional influence of phonons in these materials.     

Regulation of myelopoiesis by proinflammatory cytokines in infectious diseases

Hematopoiesis is hierarchically orchestrated by a very small population of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that reside in the bone-marrow niche and are tightly regulated to maintain homeostatic blood production. HSCs are predominantly quiescent, but they enter the cell cycle in response to inflammatory signals evoked by severe systemic infection or injury. Thus, hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) can be activated by pathogen recognition receptors and proinflammatory cytokines to induce emergency myelopoiesis during infection. This emergency myelopoiesis counterbalances the loss of cells and generates lineage-restricted hematopoietic progenitors, eventually replenishing mature myeloid cells to control the infection. Controlled generation of such signals effectively augments host defense, but dysregulated stimulation by these signals is harmful to HSPCs. Such hematopoietic failure often results in blood disorders including chronic inflammatory diseases and hematological malignancies. Recently, we found that interleukin (IL)-27, one of the IL-6/IL-12 family cytokines, has a unique ability to directly act on HSCs and promote their expansion and differentiation into myeloid progenitors. This process resulted in enhanced production of neutrophils by emergency myelopoiesis during the blood-stage mouse malaria infection. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the regulation of myelopoiesis by proinflammatory cytokines including type I and II interferons, IL-6, IL-27, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and IL-1 in infectious diseases.     

Unprecedented Arctic ozone loss in 2011

Chemical ozone destruction occurs over both polar regions in local winter-spring. In the Antarctic, essentially complete removal of lower-stratospheric ozone currently results in an ozone hole every year, whereas in the Arctic, ozone loss is highly variable and has until now been much more limited. Here we demonstrate that chemical ozone destruction over the Arctic in early 2011 was--for the first time in the observational record--comparable to that in the Antarctic ozone hole. Unusually long-lasting cold conditions in the Arctic lower stratosphere led to persistent enhancement in ozone-destroying forms of chlorine and to unprecedented ozone loss, which exceeded 80 per cent over 18-20 kilometres altitude. Our results show that Arctic ozone holes are possible even with temperatures much milder than those in the Antarctic. We cannot at present predict when such severe Arctic ozone depletion may be matched or exceeded.     

合成气纯氧高压预混湍流火焰结构研究

为了理解高压下合成气纯氧预混湍流火焰中火焰与流动的耦合作用,利用OH-PLIF激光测量技术开展了高压条件下合成气纯氧预混湍流火焰结构研究,获得了高压下预混湍流火焰前锋面结构,得到了火焰前锋面尺度信息,包括火焰体积、火焰面密度和火焰前锋面尺度,并分析了预混湍流火焰前锋面与湍流尺度和层流火焰尺度的相互作用关系.研究结果表明:高压预混湍流火焰前锋面为褶皱火焰面结构,火焰面为小尺度的尖峰结构和大尺度的树干状结构互相叠加;合成气火焰前锋面结构比甲烷混合气火焰更加精细,尺度更小;合成气预混湍流火焰体积较小,放热区较小,在预混贫燃燃气轮机燃烧室中容易产生燃烧振荡;合成气和甲烷火焰在湍流燃烧速率上表现出不同的转折规律,这可以通过火焰前锋面尺度和火焰自身不稳定性尺度来解释;湍流流动对火焰前锋面的扰动受到火焰自身不稳定尺度的限制.     

Crystal structure of the channelrhodopsin light-gated cation channel

Channelrhodopsins (ChRs) are light-gated cation channels derived from algae that have shown experimental utility in optogenetics; for example, neurons expressing ChRs can be optically controlled with high temporal precision within systems as complex as freely moving mammals. Although ChRs have been broadly applied to neuroscience research, little is known about the molecular mechanisms by which these unusual and powerful proteins operate. Here we present the crystal structure of a ChR (a C1C2 chimaera between ChR1 and ChR2 from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii) at 2.3?? resolution. The structure reveals the essential molecular architecture of ChRs, including the retinal-binding pocket and cation conduction pathway. This integration of structural and electrophysiological analyses provides insight into the molecular basis for the remarkable function of ChRs, and paves the way for the precise and principled design of ChR variants with novel properties.     

Lamin B1 duplications cause autosomal dominant leukodystrophy

Adult-onset autosomal dominant leukodystrophy (ADLD) is a slowly progressive neurological disorder characterized by symmetrical widespread myelin loss in the central nervous system, with a phenotype similar to chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. In this study, we identify a genomic duplication that causes ADLD. Affected individuals carry an extra copy of the gene for the nuclear laminar protein lamin B1, resulting in increased gene dosage in brain tissue from individuals with ADLD. Increased expression of lamin B1 in Drosophila melanogaster resulted in a degenerative phenotype. In addition, an abnormal nuclear morphology was apparent when cultured cells overexpressed this protein. This is the first human disease attributable to mutations in the gene encoding lamin B1. Antibodies to lamin B are found in individuals with autoimmune diseases, and it is also an antigen recognized by a monoclonal antibody raised against plaques from brains of individuals with multiple sclerosis. This raises the possibility that lamin B may be a link to the autoimmune attack that occurs in multiple sclerosis.     

Economics and Performance Forecast of Gas Turbine Combined Cycle

Forecasts of the various types of gas turbines economics and performance of gas turbine combined cycle （GTCC） with will help power plant designers to select the best type of gas turbine for future Chinese powerplants. The cost and performance of various designs were estimated using the commercial software GT PRO. Improved GTCC output will increase the system efficiency which may induce total investment and will certainly increase the cumulative cash which then will induce the cost and the payback period. The relative annual fuel output increases almost in proportion to the relative GTCC output. China should select the gas turbine that provides the most economical output according to its specific conditions. The analysis shows that a GTCC power plant with a medium-sized 100 to 200 MW output gas turbine is the most suitable for Chinese investors.