De l'opportunité de quelques équations différentielles en vestibulométrie

Summary On the basis of wide experience in electronystagmography, the author has attempted to establish a characteristic and general relationship between the cupulo-ampullary system of the labyrinth underlining the mathematical parallelism with the cochlear system. At the same time, some partial physico-mathematical analogies, which were expressed concerning the same subject, are criticized.     

On the mechanism of spore germination inB. subtilis. Permeability and germination by pyruvate

Riassunto È stata studiata la permeabilità delle spore bacteriche al piruvato. Il piruvato penetra nelle spore soltanto a pH basso, quando la molecola del chetoacido ed i gruppi polari della superficie delle spore sono largamente indissociati. Le modificazioni della superficie, che si verificano nel corso della esposizione a pH acido, non hanno alcuna importanza nel fenomeno. Questi risultati sono messi in relazione con il fatto che il piruvato induce germinazione delle spore soltanto a pH basso e contribuiscono all'ipotesi che un agente germinante, per essere attivo, deve penetrare nella spora ed attivare i sistemi enzimatici quiescenti.     

Heritable variation for aggression as a reflection of individual coping strategies

Evidence is presented in rodents, that individual differences in aggression reflect heritable, fundamentally different, but equally valuable alternative strategies to cope with environmental demands. Generally, aggressive individuals show an active response to aversive situations. In a social setting, they react with flight or escape when defeated; in non-social situations, they react with active avoidance of controllable shocks and with sustained activity during an uncontrollable task. In contrast, non-aggressive individuals generally adopt a passive strategy. In social and non-social aversive situations, they react with immobility and withdrawal. A main aspect of these two alternative strategies is that individuals with an active strategy easily develop routines (intrinsically determined behaviour), and consequently do not react (properly) to 'minor' changes in their environment, whereas in passively reacting animals it is just the other way around (extrinsically determined behaviour). It has become clear that active and passive behavioural strategies represent two different, but equivalent, coping styles. The coping style of the aggressive males is aimed at the removal of themselves from the source of stress or at removal of the stress source itself (i.e. active manipulation). Non-aggressive individuals seem to aim at the reduction of the emotional impact of the stress (i.e. passive confrontation). The success of both coping styles depends upon the variability or stability of the environment. The fact that aggressive males develop routines may contribute to a fast execution of their anticipatory responses, which is necessary for an effective manipulation of events. However, this is only of advantage in predictable (stable) situations, but is maladaptive (e.g. expressed by the development of stress pathologies) when the animal is confronted with the unexpected (variable situations). The flexible behaviour of non-aggressive individuals, depending strongly upon external stimuli, will be of advantage under changing conditions. Studies on wild house mice living under natural conditions show how active and passive coping functions in nature, and how the two types have been brought about by natural selection.