基于分子瓦自组装的DNA纳米管的制备与表征

利用DNA分子自组装技术可以构建从一维到三维不同形状的纳米结构,并且这些结构在微纳米电子学、纳米生物学等众多领域有许多潜在的用途.本文利用DNA分子瓦(tile)自组装技术,采用双交叉(DX)DNA分子瓦成功组装了一维DNA纳米管结构,聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(native-PAGE)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、荧光显微镜和原子力显微镜(AFM)对制得的DNA纳米管结构进行了表征,结果表明,组装成功的DNA纳米管直径在7～20nm之间,长度最长可以达到50μm以上.为了结构更加稳定,对分子瓦中每条DNA单链的5′末端进行磷酸化处理,自组装完成后利用T4DNA连接酶连接磷酸化修饰的DNA纳米管的缺口.AFM结果显示,使用T4DNA连接酶处理后的DNA纳米管更能保持完好的管状结构,表明连接处理后的DNA纳米管更加坚固,促进了DNA纳米管应用于微纳米领域的研究.     

退火时间对二维DNA晶体自组装的影响

DNA自组装的过程,不仅需要合适的缓冲液,还需要适当的退火时间.本文利用DNA自组装技术,以反向平行双交叉(double-crossover,DX)DNA分子瓦(DNAtile)作为建筑模块,带有互补黏性末端(sticky-ends)的分子瓦依据Watson-Crick碱基互补配对原则配对连接,成功制备出二维晶体结构.比较不同退火时间下形成的DNA分子瓦结构,采用非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(non-denaturing PAGE)表征.结果表明,退火时间为2.5h时形成的分子瓦的结构较稳定.等量混合此条件下形成的不同分子瓦,分别从50,37和25℃退火至室温,利用原子力显微镜(AFM)对退火后的结构进行表征,结果表明,起始退火温度为37℃时得到的DNA二维晶体较平整.     

颗粒间作用力影响颗粒体系流变性能的研究进展

悬浮颗粒体系在许多工业中都能见到踪影, 比如矿物加工、水和废水处理、陶瓷加工、造纸、食品加工工业等. 对于胶体颗粒悬浮体系, 颗粒间的相互作用力是控制体系的剪切流变性能、密实化性能和沉积性能的关键因素^[1,2]. 当颗粒间的作用力为排斥力时(排斥性颗粒体系), 颗粒不易“抱团”, 颗粒体系在溶液中处于稳定的分散状态. 而由于布朗热运动的作用, 颗粒的沉降速度很小. 不过, 对于这样的体系, 一旦颗粒最终都沉降下来形成颗粒网络就很密实; 而且即使在较低的外压下被压缩, 沉积层也很容易达到较高的固体体积比率(含水量少). 排斥性颗粒体系的黏度很低, 剪切流变抗力很小. 反之, 如果颗粒间的作用力是吸引力(吸引性颗粒体系), 颗粒就极易形成团块. 团块一般包含很多单个颗粒, 质量较大, 因此团块的沉降速度比单个颗粒快得多. 由此形成的颗粒网络的性质完全与排斥性颗粒体系相反: 它的密度低、含水量高, 需要更高的外压力才能密实化; 而且颗粒网络的黏度高, 剪切流变抗力较高^[3].     

A nuclear Argonaute promotes multigenerational epigenetic inheritance and germline immortality

Epigenetic information is frequently erased near the start of each new generation. In some cases, however, epigenetic information can be transmitted from parent to progeny (multigenerational epigenetic inheritance). A particularly notable example of this type of epigenetic inheritance is double-stranded RNA-mediated gene silencing in Caenorhabditis elegans. This RNA-mediated interference (RNAi) can be inherited for more than five generations. To understand this process, here we conduct a genetic screen for nematodes defective in transmitting RNAi silencing signals to future generations. This screen identified the heritable RNAi defective 1 (hrde-1) gene. hrde-1 encodes an Argonaute protein that associates with small interfering RNAs in the germ cells of progeny of animals exposed to double-stranded RNA. In the nuclei of these germ cells, HRDE-1 engages the nuclear RNAi defective pathway to direct the trimethylation of histone H3 at Lys?9 (H3K9me3) at RNAi-targeted genomic loci and promote RNAi inheritance. Under normal growth conditions, HRDE-1 associates with endogenously expressed short interfering RNAs, which direct nuclear gene silencing in germ cells. In hrde-1- or nuclear RNAi-deficient animals, germline silencing is lost over generational time. Concurrently, these animals exhibit steadily worsening defects in gamete formation and function that ultimately lead to sterility. These results establish that the Argonaute protein HRDE-1 directs gene-silencing events in germ-cell nuclei that drive multigenerational RNAi inheritance and promote immortality of the germ-cell lineage. We propose that C. elegans use the RNAi inheritance machinery to transmit epigenetic information, accrued by past generations, into future generations to regulate important biological processes.     

A murine lung cancer co-clinical trial identifies genetic modifiers of therapeutic response

Targeted therapies have demonstrated efficacy against specific subsets of molecularly defined cancers. Although most patients with lung cancer are stratified according to a single oncogenic driver, cancers harbouring identical activating genetic mutations show large variations in their responses to the same targeted therapy. The biology underlying this heterogeneity is not well understood, and the impact of co-existing genetic mutations, especially the loss of tumour suppressors, has not been fully explored. Here we use genetically engineered mouse models to conduct a 'co-clinical' trial that mirrors an ongoing human clinical trial in patients with KRAS-mutant lung cancers. This trial aims to determine if the MEK inhibitor selumetinib (AZD6244) increases the efficacy of docetaxel, a standard of care chemotherapy. Our studies demonstrate that concomitant loss of either p53 (also known as Tp53) or Lkb1 (also known as Stk11), two clinically relevant tumour suppressors, markedly impaired the response of Kras-mutant cancers to docetaxel monotherapy. We observed that the addition of selumetinib provided substantial benefit for mice with lung cancer caused by Kras and Kras and p53 mutations, but mice with Kras and Lkb1 mutations had primary resistance to this combination therapy. Pharmacodynamic studies, including positron-emission tomography (PET) and computed tomography (CT), identified biological markers in mice and patients that provide a rationale for the differential efficacy of these therapies in the different genotypes. These co-clinical results identify predictive genetic biomarkers that should be validated by interrogating samples from patients enrolled on the concurrent clinical trial. These studies also highlight the rationale for synchronous co-clinical trials, not only to anticipate the results of ongoing human clinical trials, but also to generate clinically relevant hypotheses that can inform the analysis and design of human studies.     

Greenhouse gas mitigation can reduce sea-ice loss and increase polar bear persistence

On the basis of projected losses of their essential sea-ice habitats, a United States Geological Survey research team concluded in 2007 that two-thirds of the world's polar bears (Ursus maritimus) could disappear by mid-century if business-as-usual greenhouse gas emissions continue. That projection, however, did not consider the possible benefits of greenhouse gas mitigation. A key question is whether temperature increases lead to proportional losses of sea-ice habitat, or whether sea-ice cover crosses a tipping point and irreversibly collapses when temperature reaches a critical threshold. Such a tipping point would mean future greenhouse gas mitigation would confer no conservation benefits to polar bears. Here we show, using a general circulation model, that substantially more sea-ice habitat would be retained if greenhouse gas rise is mitigated. We also show, with Bayesian network model outcomes, that increased habitat retention under greenhouse gas mitigation means that polar bears could persist throughout the century in greater numbers and more areas than in the business-as-usual case. Our general circulation model outcomes did not reveal thresholds leading to irreversible loss of ice; instead, a linear relationship between global mean surface air temperature and sea-ice habitat substantiated the hypothesis that sea-ice thermodynamics can overcome albedo feedbacks proposed to cause sea-ice tipping points. Our outcomes indicate that rapid summer ice losses in models and observations represent increased volatility of a thinning sea-ice cover, rather than tipping-point behaviour. Mitigation-driven Bayesian network outcomes show that previously predicted declines in polar bear distribution and numbers are not unavoidable. Because polar bears are sentinels of the Arctic marine ecosystem and trends in their sea-ice habitats foreshadow future global changes, mitigating greenhouse gas emissions to improve polar bear status would have conservation benefits throughout and beyond the Arctic.     

Is it possible to find an econometric law that works well in explanation and prediction? The case of Australian money demand

Pratt and Schlaifer's (1984, 1988) research employed in efforts to produce laws in economics are considered and their use in predicting future data is described. Data for Australia are used to illustrate the approaches.