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981.
982.
983.
This article describes the first results from the recent revision to The ONS classification of local and health authorities of Great Britain to allow for boundary changes. For each local and health authority of Great Britain as at April 1999 it presents 'most similar' authorities as measured by a selection of 37 socioeconomic and demographic variables from the 1991 Census. These results will assist local and health authorities in identifying other appropriate authorities for comparative studies. A second article, to be published in Population Trends 99, will present the results of the analysis to identify groups of authorities in a hierarchy of new Clusters, Groups and Families for the revised classification. 相似文献
984.
985.
Bacterial suicide through stress 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
Outside of the laboratory, bacterial cells are constantly exposed to stressful conditions, and an ability to resist those
stresses is essential to their survival. However, the degree of stress required to bring about cell death varies with growth
phase, amongst other parameters. Exponential phase cells are significantly more sensitive to stress than stationary phase
ones, and a novel hypothesis has recently been advanced to explain this difference in sensitivity, the suicide response. Essentially,
the suicide response predicts that rapidly growing and respiring bacterial cells will suffer growth arrest when subjected
to relatively mild stresses, but their metabolism will continue: a burst of free-radical production results from this uncoupling
of growth from metabolism, and it is this free-radical burst that is lethal to the cells, rather than the stress per se. The
suicide response hypothesis unifies a variety of previously unrelated empirical observations, for instance induction of superoxide
dismutase by heat shock, alkyl-hydroperoxide reductase by osmotic shock and catalase by ethanol shock. The suicide response
also has major implications for current [food] processing methods.
Received 29 March 1999; received after revision 14 May 1999; accepted 17 May 1999 相似文献
986.
Apolipoprotein E (apoE) ɛ4 allele is a genetic risk factor for late-onset familial and sporadic Alzheimer’s disease (AD).
In the central nervous system, apoE is secreted mainly by astrocytes as a constituent of high-density lipoproteins. A recent
study using apoE knockout mice provided strong evidence that apoE promotes cerebral deposition of amyloid β protein (Aβ).
However, no clear explanation of the pathogenesis of apoE-induced AD has been provided. Here we discuss two possible mechanisms
by which apoE might enhance Aβ deposition. One is the intracellular pathway in which apoE is internalized by neurons and induces
lysosomal accumulation of Aβ and amyloidogenic APP (amyloid precursor protein) fragments, leading to neuronal death. The other
is the extracellular pathway in which apoE-containing lipoproteins are trapped by Aβ1–42 deposits mobilizing soluble Aβ peptides
and consequently enlarge amyloid plaques. These two mechanisms may operate at different stages of AD pathogenesis and suggest
a chaperone-like function for the apoE molecule.
Received 4 February 1999; received after revision 9 April 1999; accepted 23 April 1999 相似文献
987.
The hypothalamus regulates diverse physiological functions, including the control of energy metabolism, circadian rhythms, stress and anxiety, sexual and reproductive behaviors. An overview of the most prevalent hypothalamus-enriched mRNAs revealed that this area of the brain specializes in producing intercellular signaling molecules. Two new secreted peptides derived from a single neuropeptide precursor, named hypocretins and orexins by two different groups, are synthesized in a small set of neurons in the perifornical area of the hypothalamus. Intracerebroventricular injection of the hypocretins/orexins increases food consumption in rats. Here we review recent progress in identifying the role of the hypocretins/orexins in the control of energy balance and in other physiological systems. 相似文献
988.
Integrin antagonists 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Integrins are a family of cell surface glycoproteins that mediate numerous cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions and are
involved in biological processes such as tissue morphogenesis, leukocyte recirculation and migration, wound healing, blood
clotting and immune response. Aberrant cell adhesion has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including
a number of inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and asthma, as well as cancer
and coronary heart disease. As such integrins are seen as excellent targets for the development of therapeutic agents. This
report begins with an examination of the structure of integrin molecules and their ligands and then goes on to review the
current state of development of antiintegrin antagonists.
Received 13 April 1999; received after revision 28 May 1999; accepted 28 May 1999 相似文献
989.
Cole DG 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》1999,56(3-4):217-226
The kinesins constitute a large family of motor proteins which are responsible for the distribution of numerous organelles, vesicles and macromolecular complexes throughout the cell. One class of these molecular motors, kinesin-II, is unique in that these proteins are typically found as heterotrimeric complexes containing two different, though related, kinesin-like motor subunits, and a single nonmotor subunit. The heteromeric nature of these kinesins appears to have resulted in a class of combinatorial kinesins which can 'mix and match' different motor subunits. Another novel feature of these motors is that the activities of several kinesin-II representatives are essential in the assembly of motile and nonmotile cilia, a role not attributed to any other kinesin. This review presents a brief overview of the structure and biological functions of kinesin-II, the heteromeric kinesin. 相似文献
990.
Amin AR Attur MG Pillinger M Abramson SB 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》1999,56(3-4):305-312
Recent studies have suggested that aspirin and aspirin-like compounds have a variety of actions in addition to their well-studied
ability to inhibit cyclooxygenases. These actions include inhibition of the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation, decreases
in adenosine triphosphate stores, increases in extracellular adenosine, downregulation of the expression and activity of inducible
nitric oxide synthetase, inhibition and/or stimulation of various mitogen-activated protein kinase activities and inhibition
of nuclear factor binding κB site (NF-κB) activation. Moreover, aspirin-like compounds have recently been shown to have previously
unappreciated clinical and biological effects, some apparently independent of cyclooxygenase. In this review we discuss the
various mechanisms of action of aspirin-like compounds and their relevance to clinical disease and therapy.
Received 1 February 1999; received after revision 1 April 1999; accepted 7 May 1999 相似文献