全文获取类型
收费全文 | 38542篇 |
免费 | 129篇 |
国内免费 | 149篇 |
专业分类
系统科学 | 180篇 |
丛书文集 | 537篇 |
教育与普及 | 63篇 |
理论与方法论 | 132篇 |
现状及发展 | 16447篇 |
研究方法 | 1566篇 |
综合类 | 19166篇 |
自然研究 | 729篇 |
出版年
2013年 | 345篇 |
2012年 | 549篇 |
2011年 | 1270篇 |
2010年 | 241篇 |
2008年 | 634篇 |
2007年 | 797篇 |
2006年 | 740篇 |
2005年 | 764篇 |
2004年 | 794篇 |
2003年 | 674篇 |
2002年 | 705篇 |
2001年 | 1283篇 |
2000年 | 1228篇 |
1999年 | 768篇 |
1992年 | 727篇 |
1991年 | 557篇 |
1990年 | 618篇 |
1989年 | 607篇 |
1988年 | 569篇 |
1987年 | 571篇 |
1986年 | 630篇 |
1985年 | 778篇 |
1984年 | 569篇 |
1983年 | 502篇 |
1982年 | 432篇 |
1981年 | 440篇 |
1980年 | 513篇 |
1979年 | 1243篇 |
1978年 | 953篇 |
1977年 | 922篇 |
1976年 | 753篇 |
1975年 | 770篇 |
1974年 | 1147篇 |
1973年 | 928篇 |
1972年 | 1002篇 |
1971年 | 1125篇 |
1970年 | 1522篇 |
1969年 | 1149篇 |
1968年 | 1069篇 |
1967年 | 1024篇 |
1966年 | 993篇 |
1965年 | 709篇 |
1964年 | 212篇 |
1959年 | 370篇 |
1958年 | 689篇 |
1957年 | 474篇 |
1956年 | 372篇 |
1955年 | 352篇 |
1954年 | 376篇 |
1948年 | 258篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
671.
672.
Scorpio A Blank TE Day WA Chabot DJ 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2006,63(19-20):2237-2248
Anthrax has been a major cause of death in grazing animals and an occasional cause of death in humans for thousands of years. Since the late 1800s there has been an exceptional international history of anthrax vaccine development. Due to animal vaccinations, the rate of infection has dropped dramatically. Anthrax vaccines have progressed from uncharacterized whole-cell vaccines in 1881, to pXO2-negative spores in the 1930s, to culture filtrates absorbed to aluminum hydroxide in 1970, and likely to recombinant protective antigen in the near future. Each of these refinements has increased safety without significant loss of efficacy. The threat of genetically engineered, antibiotic and vaccine resistant strains of Bacillus anthracis is fueling hypothesis-driven research and global techniques--including genomics, proteomics and transposon site hybridization--to facilitate the discovery of novel vaccine targets. This review highlights historical achievements and new developments in anthrax vaccine research. 相似文献
673.
Structural and biological aspects of carotenoid cleavage 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Apo-carotenoid compounds such as retinol (vitamin A) are involved in a variety of cellular processes and are found in all kingdoms of life. Instead of being synthesized from small precursors, they are commonly produced by oxidative cleavage and subsequent modification of larger carotenoid compounds. The cleavage reaction is catalyzed by a family of related enzymes, which convert specific substrate double bonds to the corresponding aldehydes or ketones. The individual family members differ in their substrate preference and the position of the cleaved double bond, giving rise to a remarkable number of products starting from a limited number of carotenoid substrate molecules. The recent determination of the structure of a member of this family has provided insight into the reaction mechanism, showing how substrate specificity is achieved. This review will focus on the biochemistry of carotenoid oxygenases and the structural determinants of the cleavage reaction. 相似文献
674.
Wang X Rochon M Lamprokostopoulou A Lünsdorf H Nimtz M Römling U 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2006,63(19-20):2352-2363
Commensal Escherichia coli form biofilms at body temperature by expressing the extracellular matrix components curli fimbriae and cellulose. The role of curli fimbriae and cellulose in the interaction of commensal E. coli with the intestinal epithelial cell line HT-29 was investigated. Expression of curli fimbriae by the typical commensal isolate E. coli TOB1 caused adherence and internalization of the bacteria and triggered IL-8 production in HT-29 cells. In particular, induction of IL-8 production was complex and involved curli-bound flagellin. While cellulose alone had no effect on the interaction of TOB1 with HT-29 cells, co-expression of cellulose with curli fimbriae decreased adherence to, internalization and IL-8 induction of HT-29 cells. Investigation of a panel of commensal isolates showed a partial correlation between expression of curli fimbriae and enhanced internalization and IL-8 production. In addition, a high immunostimulatory flagellin was identified. Thus, the consequences of expression of extracellular matrix components on commensal bacterial-host interactions are complex. 相似文献
675.
676.
Selenium is an essential trace element. In cattle, selenium deficiency causes dysfunction of various organs, including skeletal
and cardiac muscles. In humans as well, lack of selenium is associated with many disorders, but despite accumulation of clinical
reports, muscle diseases are not generally considered on the list. The goal of this review is to establish the connection
between clinical observations and the most recent advances obtained in selenium biology. Recent results about a possible role
of selenium-containing proteins in muscle formation and repair have been collected. Selenoprotein N is the first selenoprotein
linked to genetic disorders consisting of different forms of congenital muscular dystrophies. Understanding the muscle disorders
associated with selenium deficiency or selenoprotein N dysfunction is an essential step in defining the causes of the disease
and obtaining a better comprehension of the mechanisms involved in muscle formation and maintenance.
Received 13 July 2005; received after revision 9 September 2005; accepted 4 October 2005 相似文献
677.
Gereben B Zeöld A Dentice M Salvatore D Bianco AC 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2008,65(4):570-590
The thyroid hormone plays a fundamental role in the development, growth, and metabolic homeostasis in all vertebrates by affecting
the expression of different sets of genes. A group of thioredoxin fold-containing selenoproteins known as deiodinases control
thyroid hormone action by activating or inactivating the precursor molecule thyroxine that is secreted by the thyroid gland.
These pathways ensure regulation of the availability of the biologically active molecule T3, which occurs in a time-and tissue-specific
fashion. In addition, because cells and plasma are in equilibrium and deiodination affects central thyroid hormone regulation,
these local deiodinase-mediated events can also affect systemic thyroid hormone economy, such as in the case of non-thyroidal
illness. Heightened interest in the field has been generated following the discovery that the deiodinases can be a component
in both the Sonic hedgehog signaling pathway and the TGR-5 signaling cascade, a G-protein-coupled receptor for bile acids.
These new mechanisms involved in deiodinase regulation indicate that local thyroid hormone activation and inactivation play
a much broader role than previously thought.
Received 29 August 2007; received after revision 11 October 2007; accepted 16 October 2007 相似文献
678.
679.
Oddi S Fezza F Pasquariello N De Simone C Rapino C Dainese E Finazzi-Agrò A Maccarrone M 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2008,65(5):840-850
Anandamide is a lipid messenger that carries out a wide variety of biological functions. It has been suggested that anandamide
accumulation involves binding to a saturable cellular component. To identify the structure(s) involved in this process, we
analyzed the intracellular distribution of both biotinylated and radiolabeled anandamide, providing direct evidence that lipid
droplets, also known as adiposomes, constitute a dynamic reservoir for the sequestration of anandamide. In addition, confocal
microscopy and biochemical studies revealed that the anandamide-hydrolase is also spatially associated with lipid droplets,
and that cells with a larger adiposome compartment have an enhanced catabolism of anandamide. Overall, these findings suggest
that adiposomes may have a critical role in accumulating anandamide, possibly by connecting plasma membrane to internal organelles
along the metabolic route of this endocannabinoid.
S. Oddi, F. Fezza: These authors contributed equally to the study. 相似文献
680.
The ability to produce differentiated cell types at will offers one approach to cell therapy and therefore the treatment and cure of degenerative diseases such as diabetes and liver failure. Until recently it was thought that differentiated cells could only be produced from embryonic or adult stem cells. However, we now know that this is not the case, and there is a growing body of evidence to show that one differentiated cell type can convert into a completely different phenotype (transdifferentiation). Understanding the cellular and molecular basis of transdifferentiation will allow us to reprogram cells for transplantation. This approach will complement the use of embryonic and adult stem cells in the treatment of degenerative disorders. In this review, we will focus on some well-documented examples of transdifferentiation. 相似文献