Observation of rare-earth segregation in silicon nitride ceramics at subnanometre dimensions

Silicon nitride (Si3N4) ceramics are used in numerous applications because of their superior mechanical properties. Their intrinsically brittle nature is a critical issue, but can be overcome by introducing whisker-like microstructural features. However, the formation of such anisotropic grains is very sensitive to the type of cations used as the sintering additives. Understanding the origin of dopant effects, central to the design of high-performance Si3N4 ceramics, has been sought for many years. Here we show direct images of dopant atoms (La) within the nanometre-scale intergranular amorphous films typically found at grain boundaries, using aberration corrected Z-contrast scanning transmission electron microscopy. It is clearly shown that the La atoms preferentially segregate to the amorphous/crystal interfaces. First-principles calculations confirm the strong preference of La for the crystalline surfaces, which is essential for forming elongated grains and a toughened microstructure. Whereas principles of micrometre-scale structural design are currently used to improve the mechanical properties of ceramics, this work represents a step towards the atomic-level structural engineering required for the next generation of ceramics.     

幂律流体管内充分发展的对流换热分析

将非牛顿流体的动量方程、能量方程和幂律流体的本构方程相结合 ,建立了幂律流体管内流动和换热充分发展时的对流换热控制方程组 ,并在恒热流和恒壁温边界条件下分别对方程组进行了求解 ,得到了两种不同边界条件下的温度分布和无量纲对流换热系数 (Nu数 )的表达式。结果表明 ,幂律流体的流变指数对流体流动的影响要大于对换热的影响 ;在恒热流边界条件下 ,幂律流体的温度在管内沿轴向呈线性分布 ;而在恒壁温条件下 ,其截面平均温度沿轴向呈指数规律变化。幂律流体的无量纲对流换热系数与幂律流体的流变指数有关 ,并且在两种边界条件下 ,均随着流变指数的增加而减小     

'Designer atoms' for quantum metrology

Entanglement is recognized as a key resource for quantum computation and quantum cryptography. For quantum metrology, the use of entangled states has been discussed and demonstrated as a means of improving the signal-to-noise ratio. In addition, entangled states have been used in experiments for efficient quantum state detection and for the measurement of scattering lengths. In quantum information processing, manipulation of individual quantum bits allows for the tailored design of specific states that are insensitive to the detrimental influences of an environment. Such 'decoherence-free subspaces' (ref. 10) protect quantum information and yield significantly enhanced coherence times. Here we use a decoherence-free subspace with specifically designed entangled states to demonstrate precision spectroscopy of a pair of trapped Ca+ ions; we obtain the electric quadrupole moment, which is of use for frequency standard applications. We find that entangled states are not only useful for enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio in frequency measurements--a suitably designed pair of atoms also allows clock measurements in the presence of strong technical noise. Our technique makes explicit use of non-locality as an entanglement property and provides an approach for 'designed' quantum metrology.     

复合材料层压板疲劳寿命预测方法

测定了碳纤维／树脂基T300／QY8911复合材料的3组典型单轴循环应力下的S-N曲线．基于试验数据，建立了多轴循环应力作用下单向板的寿命模型，并通过整合平面应力分析、失效分析和材料性质退化模块模拟多向层压板的疲劳失效过程．这种方法试图基于单向板在确定应力比下的疲劳试验结果，预测同种材料体系的任意铺层形式的多向层压板在复杂循环应力作用下的疲劳寿命．对于以分层破坏为主控因素的层压板，基于层间应力的计算结果，用计算面内累计损伤的方法计算分层损伤，层压板的寿命等于分层扩展寿命和分层后子层板剩余寿命之和．考虑分层扩展后，层压板的寿命预测结果得到明显改善．     

Palaeogene fossil <Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus</Emphasis> leaves from Lanzhou Basin and their palaeoclimatic significance

An angiosperm compression flora is found in Palaeogene from Lanzhou Basin and the cuticular analysis of Populus davidiana Dode in the flora is carefully made. Furthermore, the fossil cuticles are compared with the epidermal structures of extant Populus leaves growing in different environments, i.e. moist, semimoist, and semiarid to arid climatic regions. The present experiments indicate that mature leaves of P. davidiana show leaf size from big to small, leaf cuticles from thick to thin and anticlinal walls of epidermal cells from faintness to clarity along with the increase of lattudes of the plant distributions, the climatic variation from moist to arid, the annual precipitation from more to less and the annual mean temperature from high to low. The fossil P. davidiana differs from the specimens collected from Shandan in semiarid to arid climatic regions but closely resembles the Wushan leaves in a semi-moist climatic area in a lot of features. In a word, the new research may reflect that the flora lives in a semi-moist climatic environment. The present discovery of compression of Paleogene Populus davidiana is of great significance to studying vegetation types, climatic and environmental changes during the primal uplifting of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.     

盘式永磁无刷直流发电机

阐述了轴向磁场盘式永磁无刷直流发电机的结构及其特点，提出了气隙磁场的简化模型，并对三维磁场进行了分析，在此基础上探讨了这种电机的设计方法，以最大功率输出为优化目标，导出了几个简单实用的设计公式。６极９相样机的实测数据证实了分析和设计方法的正确性，这种无刷直流发电机结构紧凑，效率高，特别适用于由引擎驱动的发电系统。     

Removal of NO<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript> by radical injection

Removal of NOx(DeNOx, NOx is the total of NO and NO2) from flue gas by radical injection has been investigated .the discharge characteristics were examined and the steady streamer corona was acquired hy adjusting the nozzle gases properly. It was Found that an increase in the voltage resulted in a decrease in the NO concentration and the concentration of the NO2 increased at tow voltages but decreased as the voltage rose to a certain level. The DeNOx efficiency increased as the applied voltage rose and reached a maximum of 70% when the voltage approached the breakdown voltage. The hypothetical mechanism of NOx removal suggested that the radicals formed in the discharge process converted the NO and NO2 into acidic species. The Monte Carlo method was used to calculate the rate coefficients and the productivity of the radicals, and then the concentrations of both NO and NO2 and the DeNOx effielencies were calculated with chemical kinetics. The calculated DeNOx efficiencies were coalparable with the experimental DeNOx efficiencies at low voltages, but were lower at high voltages.     

自供式伺服变量泵节能液压系统的研究

在一套大型结构加载系统的节能改造中，采用一种新型的无须外加辅助油源的自供式伺服变量泵节能控制系统，并针对容积式控制方式中存在的问题，采用非线性变增益补偿法改善系统动态性能．实践表明，该系统具有良好的降低能耗、减少温升的作用；动态补偿方法效果显著     

射孔套管剩余抗挤能力分析

套管射孔后其抗挤能力将有所降低。建立了射孔段套管弹性抗挤性能分析控制的一般方程 ,并利用摄动理论给出了射孔套管弹性抗挤能力系数的一般计算公式。利用弹塑性有限元方法确定了孔口附近塑性区随射孔套管的外压增加的变化规律 ,并给出了确定射孔套管抗挤能力的计算方法。研究结果表明 ,孔眼附近的应力集中所引起的塑性区的存在 ,明显影响了射孔套管的抗挤强度。与弹性分析结果比较 ,弹塑性分析结果更接近实验值。孔眼的形状对射孔套管抗挤能力有直接影响。长轴在环向的椭圆形孔眼的套管抗挤能力降低得最少 ,方形孔眼的降低得最多。在孔眼形状相同的情况下 ,孔眼面积增大 ,射孔套管的抗挤能力降低。当射孔密度小于 2 0孔 /m时 ,无论采用何种布孔方式 ,除方形孔眼外 ,套管抗挤能力的降低均不会超过 4 % ;大于 2 0孔 /m时 ,射孔参数对套管抗挤能力的影响明显增加     

SiO_2含量对损耗型CoFeB-SiO_2颗粒膜电磁性能的影响

研究一种可应用于抗电磁干扰和微波吸收的磁性纳米颗粒膜,选用FeCoB作为磁性合金,SiO2为电介质材料,采用磁控溅射工艺制备纳米颗粒膜.重点研究电介质SiO2体积分数对颗粒膜微结构以及电磁性能的影响规律和作用机理.结果表明,适当的电介质体积分数可使颗粒膜保持微波高磁导率和高磁损耗并有效降低介电常数,2 GHz时,复磁导率的实部μ′=31,虚部μ″=45,复介电常数实部ε′=671,虚部ε″=593.