江淮梅雨建立的年际变化及其前期强影响信号分析

江淮梅雨建立具有显著的年际变化特征. 利用NCEP/NCAR再分析数据集以及NOAA提供的全球射出长波辐射和扩展重建海温等资料研究了梅雨建立的年际变化及其前期强影响信号, 并探讨了该信号影响梅雨建立年际变化的可能机制. 结果表明, 前期中太平洋ENSO(CP-ENSO)事件是影响梅雨建立年际变化的强信号, 该信号具有较好的短期气候预测准确率和实用性. 当前期冬季2月和春季呈现CP-ENSO暖(冷)位相时, 梅雨建立最有可能偏晚(早). CP-ENSO主要是通过EAP(或JP)遥相关型影响梅雨建立, 其中位于热带西北太平洋的反气旋环流起着重要作用. CP-ENSO暖(冷)位相年, 热带暖湿气流向江淮流域输送偏晚(早), 赤道附近的中太平洋地区海温产生正(负)异常, 通过海气相互作用, 使得西太平洋副高北跳和印度西南季风建立偏晚(早), 东亚上空大气环流由春到夏的季节性转换因而偏晚(早). 大气环流季节性转换和热带暖湿气流向江淮流域输送偏早(晚)是江淮梅雨建立偏早(晚)的主要原因.     

GaInP/GaAs/Ge三结叠层光电池光谱响应的温度特性

利用金属有机物化学气相沉积法(MOCVD)制备了转化效率达27.1%的GaInP/GaAs/Ge三结叠层电池, 并对其光谱响应的温度特性进行了测量研究. 通过光谱响应曲线观察到各子电池的吸收边随温度升高发生红移, 这主要归因于电池材料禁带宽度的变窄效应. 根据光谱响应数据计算得到的GaInP/GaAs/Ge叠层电池各子电池在室温下的短路电流密度分别为12.9, 13.7和17 mA/cm², 且叠层电池的短路电流密度的温度系数为8.9 μA/(cm²·℃). 最后, 根据叠层电池的串联结构推导了其电压温度系数为-6.27 mV/℃.     

全球植被分布对陆面气温影响的半解析分析

植被分布对全球环流及其温度分布有极其重要的影响, 对于自由大气的无黏性绝热、斜压、大尺度定常有限扰动, 通过三维环流控制方程来描述, 再结合P坐标下的静力方程得到温度的控制方程, 化成到地形坐标系下, 得到环流温度的三维控制方程. 结合下边界辐射平衡条件与常数上边界条件, 可以给出全球环流温度的半解析解. 本文只讨论了陆面气温的分布, 可以看到该模型能够较好地反映全球陆面气温的分布, 而且当考虑到植被反照率对温度的反馈时计算的结果更加符合观测值. 对于敏感性试验, 考虑到全球陆面为冰雪覆盖时陆面气温有较大的降低, 全球陆面为森林覆盖时陆面气温偏高. 所以本模型能够从理论上半解析地给出陆面气温随植被分布的变化, 是研究陆面生态分布对陆面气温变化的一个较好的工具.     

Superconductivity in CaCuO2 as a result of field-effect doping.

Understanding the doping mechanisms in the simplest superconducting copper oxide-the infinite-layer compound ACuO2 (where A is an alkaline earth metal)-is an excellent way of investigating the pairing mechanism in high-transition-temperature (high-Tc) superconductors more generally. Gate-induced modulation of the carrier concentration to obtain superconductivity is a powerful means of achieving such understanding: it minimizes the effects of potential scattering by impurities, and of structural modifications arising from chemical dopants. Here we report the transport properties of thin films of the infinite-layer compound CaCuO2 using field-effect doping. At high hole- and electron-doping levels, superconductivity is induced in the nominally insulating material. Maximum values of Tc of 89 K and 34 K are observed respectively for hole- and electron-type doping of around 0.15 charge carriers per CuO2. We can explore the whole doping diagram of the CuO2 plane while changing only a single electric parameter, the gate voltage.     

Crystal structure of the β2 adrenergic receptor-Gs protein complex

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are responsible for the majority of cellular responses to hormones and neurotransmitters as well as the senses of sight, olfaction and taste. The paradigm of GPCR signalling is the activation of a heterotrimeric GTP binding protein (G protein) by an agonist-occupied receptor. The β(2) adrenergic receptor (β(2)AR) activation of Gs, the stimulatory G protein for adenylyl cyclase, has long been a model system for GPCR signalling. Here we present the crystal structure of the active state ternary complex composed of agonist-occupied monomeric β(2)AR and nucleotide-free Gs heterotrimer. The principal interactions between the β(2)AR and Gs involve the amino- and carboxy-terminal α-helices of Gs, with conformational changes propagating to the nucleotide-binding pocket. The largest conformational changes in the β(2)AR include a 14 ? outward movement at the cytoplasmic end of transmembrane segment 6 (TM6) and an α-helical extension of the cytoplasmic end of TM5. The most surprising observation is a major displacement of the α-helical domain of Gαs relative to the Ras-like GTPase domain. This crystal structure represents the first high-resolution view of transmembrane signalling by a GPCR.     

Asynchronous reproduction in three species of crocodilians in south-eastern Amazonia

We studied reproduction of three species of crocodilians, Paleosuchus trigonatus, Caiman crocodilus and Melanosuchus niger, in the Xingu River, near the Belo Monte hydroelectric dam. The periods of laying and hatching of eggs were estimated for each nest before (2013–2014) and after (2016–2017) the river was dammed and the reservoir was formed. Nesting of the three species occurred between August and December, but was largely asynchronous; nest construction peaked in September for P. trigonatus, October for M. niger and November for C. crocodilus. Reservoir filling had little effect on the laying period of any of the species. Nests of P. trigonatus and M. niger were always within 0–12 m of the bank, whereas nests of C. crocodilus, which nests later in the season when flooding is more likely, were up to 100 m from the nearest water body. There was no relationship between distance from water and the number of eggs in nests, suggesting that larger and presumably more experienced females do not lay at different distances from the bank in any of the species.     

Evidence of G-protein-coupled receptor and substrate transporter heteromerization at a single molecule level

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can constitute complexes with non-GPCR integral membrane proteins, while such interaction has not been demonstrated at a single molecule level so far. We here investigated the potential interaction between the thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) and the monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8), a member of the major facilitator superfamily (MFS), using fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy (FCCS). Both the proteins are expressed endogenously on the basolateral plasma membrane of the thyrocytes and are involved in stimulation of thyroid hormone production and release. Indeed, we demonstrate strong interaction between both the proteins which causes a suppressed activation of G_q/11 by TSH-stimulated TSHR. Thus, we provide not only evidence for a novel interaction between the TSHR and MCT8, but could also prove this interaction on a single molecule level. Moreover, this interaction forces biased signaling at the TSHR. These results are of general interest for both the GPCR and the MFS research fields.     

The carcinofauna found in stomach contents of the flying gurnard (Dactylopterus volitans) on the continental shelf of the Campos Basin,Brazil

A total of 3109 crustaceans belonging to 50 taxa distributed in 42 families were found in 117 analysed stomachs of flying gurnard (Dactylopterus volitans). Samples were obtained in April 2008 by the R/V Gyre using a bottom trawl towed in 12 stations at 14–100 m depth on the continental shelf of the Campos Basin, Brazil. The carcinofauna was analysed and the order Calanoida (Copepoda) found to be the most important item in terms of relative abundance and frequency of occurrence, followed by the order Amphipoda (Peracarida), the infraorder Brachyura (Decapoda), the order Stomatopoda and the subclass Myodocopa (Ostracoda). In the order Calanoida, the species Pontellopsis cf. villosa (Pontellidae) represented 98.04% of total crustacean abundance. The diet of Dactylopterus volitans varied according to fish size, with higher diversity of Crustacea at smaller size classes, decreasing in larger fishes. A similar pattern regarding depth was obtained, with greater diversity of taxa in gurnard stomachs caught at shallower depths. Flying gurnard is considered a generalized carnivore of invertebrates, eating mobile macrobenthic organisms, such as crustaceans, and its diet varies with its life stage, without any specific group as its main food source.     

Predation on eggs of Schneider’s dwarf caiman,Paleosuchus trigonatus (Schneider, 1807), by armadillos and other predators

Nests of Schneider’s dwarf caiman, Paleosuchus trigonatus, were located in the forests around three streams that drain into the Xingu River, Brazilian Amazonia, in October 2014. Camera traps were installed at the edge of four nests to document predators and female parental care. At two nests, females unsuccessfully defended their nests against one or more giant armadillos, Priodontes maximus, and nine-banded armadillos, Dasypus novemcinctus. Both armadillo species responded to the attack by fleeing and returning on the opposite side of the nest by going around the tree under which the nest was located. Giant armadillos have never before been recorded consuming caiman eggs and their diet has been described as consisting mostly of ants and termites. Another species of armadillo, Cabassous unicinctus, was also registered digging into a nest and probably consuming eggs, though it is generally considered to be primarily insectivorous. A tayra (Eira barbara), lizard (Tupinambis teguixin) and coati (Nasua nasua) were also registered taking eggs from nests during the day, but we obtained no registers of nest defence by caimans during the day. The three nests were attacked after 60 days of incubation, when the eggs were well developed.