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111.
Thymic selection process induced by hybrid antibodies 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes using the alpha beta T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) recognize fragmented antigen in conjunction with surface molecules encoded by genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Peripheral T lymphocytes preferentially see antigen presented by self rather than by foreign MHC molecules, and autoreactive T lymphocytes are deleted. Thus, the peripheral T-lymphocyte repertoire is skewed towards recognition of antigen in the context of self-MHC and towards tolerance to self-antigens. During T-lymphocyte development in the thymus, this repertoire is formed by the interaction of TCR with MHC molecules resulting in positive and negative selection phenomena. Hybrid antibodies (HAbs) that carry binding sites to the TCR and to a surface marker on another cell can engage all T lymphocytes regardless of their specificity. It should be possible to mimic selection processes in normal animals with HAb that specifically link members of a TCR family to MHC molecules on the thymic stroma. We have probed T-lymphocyte development with HAbs linking V beta 8-positive TCR to either class I or class II MHC products in thymic organ culture. Thymocytes exposed to either HAb in an early stage of maturation respond with a significant increase in the frequency of V beta 8-carrying cells. At a later stage of development V beta 8-positive thymocytes are depleted. These results illustrate the succession of positive and negative selection in the developing thymus of normal mice. 相似文献
112.
Self-tolerance eliminates T cells specific for Mls-modified products of the major histocompatibility complex 总被引:83,自引:0,他引:83
In mice the product of the Mlsa locus is an unusual antigen capable of interaction with certain products of the major histocompatibility locus (MHC) to form a ligand for a large portion of the T-cell alpha/beta receptor repertoire, including nearly all receptors that use V beta 8.1. The presence of Mlsa/MHC during T-cell development results in the deletion of T cells that express V beta 8.1, documenting the importance of clonal deletion in establishing tolerance to self antigens. 相似文献
113.
U. Graf 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》1995,51(2):168-173
The relationship between the induction of mutant clones and the time of mutagen treatment was studied in the somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) in wing cells ofDrosophila melanogaster. Larvae trans-heterozygous for the recessive marker mutations multiple wing hairs (mwh) and flare (flr) were produced. Batches of these larvae were then treated with mutagen at different ages spanning all three larval instars. Methyl methanesulfonate was fed acutely for 2 h by immersing the larvae in a solution of the mutagen mixed with powdered cellulose. Wings of the surviving adult flies were mounted and scored for the presence of spots. The frequency and size of single and twin spots were recorded separately. Twin spots are produced exclusively by mitotic recombination, whereas single spots can results from various types of mutational and exchange events. There exists a clear correlation between time of induction and frequency as well as size of the single spots. In young larvae only few but very large spots are induced, whereas in older larvae the frequencies are considerably increased but the sizes are smaller. The twin spots show a different relationship. Practically no twin spots are found in very young and in very old larvae. The results demonstrate that in the wing spot test the optimal age of the larvae for mutagen treatment is 72 h. 相似文献
114.
Microtubules are versatile cellular polymers that play a role in cell shape determination and mediate various motile processes such as ciliary and flagellar bending, chromosome movements and organelle transport. That a sliding microtubule mechanism can generate force has been demonstrated in highly ordered structures such as axonemes, and microtubule-based force generation almost certainly contributes to the function of mitotic and meiotic spindles. Most cytoplasmic microtubule arrays, however, do not exhibit the structural regularity of axonemes and some spindles, and often appear disorganized. Yet many cellular activities (such as shape changes during morphogenesis, axonal extension and spindle assembly) involve highly coordinated microtubule behaviour and possibly require force generated by an intermicrotubule sliding mechanism, or perhaps use sliding to move microtubules rapidly into a protrusion for stabilization. Here we show that active sliding between cytoplasmic microtubules can occur in microtubule bundles of the amoeba Reticulomyxa. A force-producing mechanism of this sort could be used by this organism to facilitate the extension of cell processes and to generate the dynamic movements of the cytoplasmic network. 相似文献
115.
Plant thioredoxins: the multiplicity conundrum 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Thioredoxins are small proteins distinguished by the presence of a conserved dicysteine active site. In oxidized thioredoxin,
the two cysteines form a disulfide bond that is targeted by the enzyme thioredoxin reductase. Together with an electron donor,
thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase form the 'thioredoxin system' that is present in all organisms. Thioredoxins participate
in dithiol/disulfide exchange reactions with a large range of cellular substrates. Higher plants possess a very complex thioredoxin
profile consisting of at least two different thioredoxin systems that contain distinct, multigenic thioredoxin classes which
have different intracellular localizations. In this review we summarise the current state of knowledge regarding the function
of plant thioredoxins representing all systems and classes.
Received 30 October 2001; received after revision 13 December 2001; accepted 17 December 2001 相似文献
116.
Wabnitz H Bittner L de Castro AR Döhrmann R Gürtler P Laarmann T Laasch W Schulz J Swiderski A von Haeften K Möller T Faatz B Fateev A Feldhaus J Gerth C Hahn U Saldin E Schneidmiller E Sytchev K Tiedtke K Treusch R Yurkov M 《Nature》2002,420(6915):482-485
Intense radiation from lasers has opened up many new areas of research in physics and chemistry, and has revolutionized optical technology. So far, most work in the field of nonlinear processes has been restricted to infrared, visible and ultraviolet light, although progress in the development of X-ray lasers has been made recently. With the advent of a free-electron laser in the soft-X-ray regime below 100 nm wavelength, a new light source is now available for experiments with intense, short-wavelength radiation that could be used to obtain deeper insights into the structure of matter. Other free-electron sources with even shorter wavelengths are planned for the future. Here we present initial results from a study of the interaction of soft X-ray radiation, generated by a free-electron laser, with Xe atoms and clusters. We find that, whereas Xe atoms become only singly ionized by the absorption of single photons, absorption in clusters is strongly enhanced. On average, each atom in large clusters absorbs up to 400 eV, corresponding to 30 photons. We suggest that the clusters are heated up and electrons are emitted after acquiring sufficient energy. The clusters finally disintegrate completely by Coulomb explosion. 相似文献
117.
Using the data, especially the GPS rawinsode data, observed in Anduo area of the Tibetan Plateau during the intensive observation period of GAME/Tibet in 1998, the transition from the dry to the rainy season along with their boundary layer characteristics is analyzed comprehensively. The result shows that the formation of the rainy season in Anduo area is related closely to the general atmospheric circulation. The westerly belt moving north and the southeast damp current are basic conditions for development of the rainy season in Anduo area. In the dry season, the air is drier, air temperature higher, and the atmospheric boundary layer is strongly developed to cause its maximum height to reach about 3550 m. Moreover the sensible heat flux is dominant, and the latent heat flux is small in the interaction of land-atmosphere energy exchange, and a reverse humidity phenomenon occurs frequently. In the rainy season, the air is damper, air temperature lower, and the ABL height, with maximum of only about 2300 m, is lower. And the sensible heat flux becomes much smaller, the latent heat flux much larger in the interaction of land-atmosphere energy exchange. The reverse humidity phenomenon disappears. 相似文献
118.
吕刚 《科技情报开发与经济》2005,15(13):60-62
从发挥图书馆职能入手,阐述了学科馆员产生的必要性,通过对学科馆员的概念内涵、岗位职责、与传统参考馆员比较及我国高校图书馆学科馆员现状的分析,探讨了如何才能做好学科馆员,为读者提供优质服务。 相似文献
119.
水色遥感理论模型探讨 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
由于目前技术条件的限制 ,黑箱模型在水体组份反演的研究中占据了主导地位 ,但其理论基础不足 ,针对具体成像条件推得的黑箱模型难以推广 ,故需从水色遥感成像机理出发来研究理论模型的识别和求解。意识到辐射传输方程难以实用 ,提出基于辐射传输方程求解结论的水色遥感理论模型架构。并讨论了模型的若干影响因素。特别指出 ,应该使用传感器灵敏度积分的方法来关联传感器接收到的辐射率和灰度值数据 ,而不是简单地使用传感器在波段中心波长处接收的辐射率。 相似文献
120.
随机多址访问协议中最优帧模式的混合遗传算法 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
在随机接入协议中 ,竞争时隙与预约时隙在一帧中的相对位置 (帧模式 )对系统的吞吐量有很大的影响 .利用混合遗传算法搜索出不同业务量下的最优帧模式 ,提高了系统的吞吐量 . 相似文献