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81.
Beryl?Royer-Bertrand Carlo?RivoltaEmail author 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2015,72(8):1463-1471
The past decade has seen the emergence of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, which have revolutionized the field of human molecular genetics. With NGS, significant portions of the human genome can now be assessed by direct sequence analysis, highlighting normal and pathological variants of our DNA. Recent advances have also allowed the sequencing of complete genomes, by a method referred to as whole genome sequencing (WGS). In this work, we review the use of WGS in medical genetics, with specific emphasis on the benefits and the disadvantages of this technique for detecting genomic alterations leading to Mendelian human diseases and to cancer. 相似文献
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In 1873, W. K. Clifford introduced a notion of parallelism in the three-dimensional elliptic space that, quite surprisingly, exhibits almost all properties of Euclidean parallelism in ordinary space. The purpose of this paper is to describe the genesis of this notion in Clifford’s works and to provide a historical analysis of its reception in the investigations of F. Klein, L. Bianchi, G. Fubini, and E. Bortolotti. Special emphasis is placed upon the important role that Clifford’s parallelism played in the development of the theory of connections. 相似文献
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Altenhöfer S Kleikers PW Radermacher KA Scheurer P Rob Hermans JJ Schiffers P Ho H Wingler K Schmidt HH 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2012,69(14):2327-2343
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are cellular signals but also disease triggers; their relative excess (oxidative stress) or shortage (reductive stress) compared to reducing equivalents are potentially deleterious. This may explain why antioxidants fail to combat diseases that correlate with oxidative stress. Instead, targeting of disease-relevant enzymatic ROS sources that leaves physiological ROS signaling unaffected may be more beneficial. NADPH oxidases are the only known enzyme family with the sole function to produce ROS. Of the catalytic NADPH oxidase subunits (NOX), NOX4 is the most widely distributed isoform. We provide here a critical review of the currently available experimental tools to assess the role of NOX and especially NOX4, i.e. knock-out mice, siRNAs, antibodies, and pharmacological inhibitors. We then focus on the characterization of the small molecule NADPH oxidase inhibitor, VAS2870, in vitro and in vivo, its specificity, selectivity, and possible mechanism of action. Finally, we discuss the validation of NOX4 as a potential therapeutic target for indications including stroke, heart failure, and fibrosis. 相似文献
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Blasic JR Lane Brown R Robinson PR 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2012,69(9):1551-1562
Melanopsin-based phototransduction is involved in non-image forming light responses including circadian entrainment, pupil
constriction, suppression of pineal melatonin synthesis, and direct photic regulation of sleep in vertebrates. Given that
the functions of melanopsin involve the measurement and summation of total environmental luminance, there would appear to
be no need for the rapid deactivation typical of other G-protein coupled receptors. In this study, however, we demonstrate
that heterologously expressed mouse melanopsin is phosphorylated in a light-dependent manner, and that this phosphorylation
is involved in regulating the rate of G-protein activation and the lifetime of melanopsin’s active state. Furthermore, we
provide evidence for light-dependent phosphorylation of melanopsin in the mouse retina using an in situ proximity ligation
assay. Finally, we demonstrate that melanopsin preferentially interacts with the GRK2/3 family of G-protein coupled receptor
kinases through co-immunoprecipitation assays. Based on the complement of G-protein receptor kinases present in the melanopsin-expressing
retinal ganglion cells, GRK2 emerges as the best candidate for melanopsin’s cognate GRK. 相似文献
89.
Age is an important risk for autoimmunity, and many autoimmune diseases preferentially occur in the second half of adulthood
when immune competence has declined and thymic T cell generation has ceased. Many tolerance checkpoints have to fail for an
autoimmune disease to develop, and several of those are susceptible to the immune aging process. Homeostatic T cell proliferation
which is mainly responsible for T cell replenishment during adulthood can lead to the selection of T cells with increased
affinity to self- or neoantigens and enhanced growth and survival properties. These cells can acquire a memory-like phenotype,
in particular under lymphopenic conditions. Accumulation of end-differentiated effector T cells, either specific for self-antigen
or for latent viruses, have a low activation threshold due to the expression of signaling and regulatory molecules and generate
an inflammatory environment with their ability to be cytotoxic and to produce excessive amounts of cytokines and thereby inducing
or amplifying autoimmune responses. 相似文献
90.
Double-strand breaks (DSBs) are the most detrimental form of DNA damage. Failure to repair these cytotoxic lesions can result
in genome rearrangements conducive to the development of many diseases, including cancer. The DNA damage response (DDR) ensures
the rapid detection and repair of DSBs in order to maintain genome integrity. Central to the DDR are the DNA damage checkpoints.
When activated by DNA damage, these sophisticated surveillance mechanisms induce transient cell cycle arrests, allowing sufficient
time for DNA repair. Since the term “checkpoint” was coined over 20 years ago, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms
governing the DNA damage checkpoint has advanced significantly. These pathways are highly conserved from yeast to humans.
Thus, significant findings in yeast may be extrapolated to vertebrates, greatly facilitating the molecular dissection of these
complex regulatory networks. This review focuses on the cellular response to DSBs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, providing a comprehensive overview of how these signalling pathways function to orchestrate the cellular response to DNA
damage and preserve genome stability in eukaryotic cells. 相似文献