Leptin stimulates fatty-acid oxidation by activating AMP-activated protein kinase.

Leptin is a hormone secreted by adipocytes that plays a pivotal role in regulating food intake, energy expenditure and neuroendocrine function. Leptin stimulates the oxidation of fatty acids and the uptake of glucose, and prevents the accumulation of lipids in nonadipose tissues, which can lead to functional impairments known as "lipotoxicity". The signalling pathways that mediate the metabolic effects of leptin remain undefined. The 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) potently stimulates fatty-acid oxidation in muscle by inhibiting the activity of acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC). AMPK is a heterotrimeric enzyme that is conserved from yeast to humans and functions as a 'fuel gauge' to monitor the status of cellular energy. Here we show that leptin selectively stimulates phosphorylation and activation of the alpha2 catalytic subunit of AMPK (alpha2 AMPK) in skeletal muscle, thus establishing a previously unknown signalling pathway for leptin. Early activation of AMPK occurs by leptin acting directly on muscle, whereas later activation depends on leptin functioning through the hypothalamic-sympathetic nervous system axis. In parallel with its activation of AMPK, leptin suppresses the activity of ACC, thereby stimulating the oxidation of fatty acids in muscle. Blocking AMPK activation inhibits the phosphorylation of ACC stimulated by leptin. Our data identify AMPK as a principal mediator of the effects of leptin on fatty-acid metabolism in muscle.     

Biodiversity (Communications arising): maize transgene results in Mexico are artefacts

Quist and Chapela's conclusion that the transgenes they claim to have detected in native maize in Oaxaca, Mexico, are predominantly reassorted and inserted into a "diversity of genomic contexts" seems to be based on an artefact arising from the inverse polymerase chain reaction (i-PCR) they used to amplify sequences flanking 35S transgenes from cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV).     

岭南粤东北地区晚第四纪红土与棕黄色沉积物的古气候转变记录

通过对南岭以南的粤东北地区河流沿岸晚第四纪地质调查, 并主要以对临江地层剖面为代表的红土与棕黄色粉砂的时代、主氧化物——SiO₂, Al₂O₃, TOFE(Fe₂O₃+FeO)和CIA值反映的古环境的研究结果认为, 该地主要分布于一级阶地的红土属末次间冰期(距今132~73 ka)湿热的类似于现代热带北缘季风气候环境背景下形成的网纹红土; 上覆棕黄色粉砂层主要是末次冰期(距今73~11 ka)暖温带季风气候环境的堆积, 其中的风成砂——LJ3层位代表了其时气候恶化的极端时期. 这一看法与前人对岭南及其以东的大量的古生物指示的古生态的研究结果颇为吻合. 由此表明, 粤东北甚至整个岭南地区从末次间冰期到末次冰期、从红土为嗣后的棕黄色粉砂沉积替代(甚至从大熊猫-剑齿象动物群演替为澎湖动物群), 生物气候带确实经历了一场大规模的急剧的古地理环境变迁, 这一研究可为全球变化影响下的中国低纬区域万年尺度的环境响应提供一个重要的地质学实证.     

What is the environment in environmental health research? Perspectives from the ethics of science

Environmental health research produces scientific knowledge about environmental hazards crucial for public health and environmental justice movements that seek to prevent or reduce exposure to these hazards. The environment in environmental health research is conceptualized as the range of possible social, biological, chemical, and/or physical hazards or risks to human health, some of which merit study due to factors such as their probability and severity, the feasibility of their remediation, and injustice in their distribution. This paper explores the ethics of identifying the relevant environment for environmental health research, as judgments involved in defining an environmental hazard or risk, judgments of that hazard or risk's probability, severity, and/or injustice, as well as the feasibility of its remediation, all ought to appeal to non-epistemic as well as epistemic values. I illustrate by discussing the case of environmental lead, a housing-related hazard that remains unjustly distributed by race and class and is particularly dangerous to children. Examining a controversy in environmental health research ethics where researchers tested multiple levels of lead abatement in lead-contaminated households, I argue that the broader perspective on the ethics of environmental health research provided in the first part of this paper may have helped prevent this controversy.     

New bisexual form of Cavernocypris subterranea (Wolf, 1920) (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from Idaho

Males of Cavernocypris subterranea were found for the first time in an Idaho spring. The bisexual form is described on soft body parts and valves. The genus Cavernocypris now includes 2 bisexual and 1 parthenogenteic species.     

Second nesting record and northward advance of the Great-tailed Grackle ( Quiscalus mexicanus ) in Nevada

The second nesting record for the Great - tailed Grackle ( Quiscalus mexicanus ) in Nevada is reported from the central part of the state approximately 240 km north of the previous record. Since 1912 this species has undergone a dramatic northward extension of its previous range in the United States, presumably as a result of increased agricultural irrigation in areas that were previously desert or short - grass prairie.