水或四氢萘介质下胜利褐煤的直接加氢液化性能

根据褐煤含水量高的特点,研究了水为溶剂下胜利褐煤的加氢液化行为,并与传统的四氢萘(THN)溶剂进行了比较。在380℃、THN为溶剂和H2气氛条件下,煤的液化转化率达到85.3%,其中油气产率和沥青质产率分别为73.2%和12.1%,液化过程中热解产生的自由基碎片是通过供氢溶剂获得活性氢,而非从气相的氢气中直接获得。相对于H2和N2气氛,在CO气氛下以水为溶剂进行的煤液化实验和胜利褐煤表现出优良的液化性能,液化转化率达到70.2%,其中油气产率58.1%,沥青质产率12.1%。在CO/H2O系统中,发生的水煤气变换反应(WGSR)能产生高活性氢,该活泼氢能与煤热解产生的自由基结合生成稳定的液化产物,从而提高了液化的转化率。实验结果表明,在CO气氛下以水为溶剂的液化工艺是可行的,是一种适合含水量较高的褐煤的直接液化工艺。     

The large-scale structure of the Universe

Research over the past 25 years has led to the view that the rich tapestry of present-day cosmic structure arose during the first instants of creation, where weak ripples were imposed on the otherwise uniform and rapidly expanding primordial soup. Over 14 billion years of evolution, these ripples have been amplified to enormous proportions by gravitational forces, producing ever-growing concentrations of dark matter in which ordinary gases cool, condense and fragment to make galaxies. This process can be faithfully mimicked in large computer simulations, and tested by observations that probe the history of the Universe starting from just 400,000 years after the Big Bang.     

年青煤在石油重油中加氢液化的研究

在小型高压釜中试验了不同石油重油和催化剂对煤加氢液化的影响。结果表明,煤的转化率随石油重油中芳烃含量增加而提高,在试验条件下以红旗煤在羊三木减二线油中加氢的转化率为最高,达到60%,向石油重油添加四氢蔡或甲基萘油馏份对煤液化有利。不同的氧化铁型催化剂对煤在石油重油中加氢液化生成油都有一定的催化作用,其中以山东赤泥为最好,在试验条件下可使煤转化率增加7.4%,油与气产率增加22.4%,沥青烯产率下降15%,此外还考察了九种煤在石油重油中加氢液化的性能。     

Molecular evolution of FOXP2, a gene involved in speech and language

Language is a uniquely human trait likely to have been a prerequisite for the development of human culture. The ability to develop articulate speech relies on capabilities, such as fine control of the larynx and mouth, that are absent in chimpanzees and other great apes. FOXP2 is the first gene relevant to the human ability to develop language. A point mutation in FOXP2 co-segregates with a disorder in a family in which half of the members have severe articulation difficulties accompanied by linguistic and grammatical impairment. This gene is disrupted by translocation in an unrelated individual who has a similar disorder. Thus, two functional copies of FOXP2 seem to be required for acquisition of normal spoken language. We sequenced the complementary DNAs that encode the FOXP2 protein in the chimpanzee, gorilla, orang-utan, rhesus macaque and mouse, and compared them with the human cDNA. We also investigated intraspecific variation of the human FOXP2 gene. Here we show that human FOXP2 contains changes in amino-acid coding and a pattern of nucleotide polymorphism, which strongly suggest that this gene has been the target of selection during recent human evolution.     

Comparison of the genomes of two Xanthomonas pathogens with differing host specificities

The genus Xanthomonas is a diverse and economically important group of bacterial phytopathogens, belonging to the gamma-subdivision of the Proteobacteria. Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac) causes citrus canker, which affects most commercial citrus cultivars, resulting in significant losses worldwide. Symptoms include canker lesions, leading to abscission of fruit and leaves and general tree decline. Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) causes black rot, which affects crucifers such as Brassica and Arabidopsis. Symptoms include marginal leaf chlorosis and darkening of vascular tissue, accompanied by extensive wilting and necrosis. Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris is grown commercially to produce the exopolysaccharide xanthan gum, which is used as a viscosifying and stabilizing agent in many industries. Here we report and compare the complete genome sequences of Xac and Xcc. Their distinct disease phenotypes and host ranges belie a high degree of similarity at the genomic level. More than 80% of genes are shared, and gene order is conserved along most of their respective chromosomes. We identified several groups of strain-specific genes, and on the basis of these groups we propose mechanisms that may explain the differing host specificities and pathogenic processes.