关于以太与真空观念的历史回顾

本文系统地回顾了物理学中以太与真空观念的发展,指出在现代物理学中真空在本质上是一种以太。     

关于变压器电势方向的理论商榷

本文主要讨论了关于变压器电势的方向问题。按左螺旋定则设感应电势的正方向,可得出变压器原、副绕组的相电势(相电压)为同相位的结论。这样,较易于理解感应电势的物理性质,更重要的是这一结论和实验结果及国家标准GB1094—71相一致。     

润滑脂及其添加剂剖析

本文主要介绍采用柱层析分离与红外光谱配合,对从美国进口的特种润滑脂进行剖析,使用渗析法将润滑脂中基础油抽提出,用柱色谱分离出润滑脂中抗氧剂等四种添加剂,并由红外光谱图获得其相应的结构范围,柱色谱洗脱剂通过寻找薄层包谱展开剂来选择,洗出液用薄层层析跟踪,按跟踪薄层结果,将柱层析收集相同的纯组分合并驱除溶剂作红外光谱分析。     

亚纯函数微分多项式的零点

考虑区域D上的一个亚纯函数和它的一个微分多项式,其中该多项式的系数为D上的亚纯函数,我们给出了其闭包被包含于D内的有界集E上的该微分多项式的零点个数的下界。     

铟—PAR络合吸附波的极谱行为研究

本文介绍了在0.09mol/L NH_3·H_20—0.21mol/L NH_4Cl介质中,当有8×10~(-5)mlo/L PAR存在时,In~(3+)在—0.85V(vs.S·C·E·)处产生一灵敏的络合吸附波,其线性范围为0.1～0.8μg/ml。对这一络合吸附波的性质进行了研究,并测定了该络合物的组成。利用In—PAR络合吸附的极谱行为进行了纯铅中微量铟的加入回收实验,测定了合成样品中的微量铟。     

间氯偶氮安替比林双波长分光光度法同时测定钙和镁的研究

本文着重研究了用间氯偶氧安替比林作为显色剂,在 pH=10的硼砂缓冲溶液中,以三乙醇胺作为掩蔽剂,用双波长分光光度法同时测定钙和镁的新方法。测定钙选用655nm—587nm 作为波长对,测定镁选用600nm—674nm 作为波长对,有效地消除了钙镁之间的相互干扰。钙和镁的量均在5—30μg/25cm~3范围内符合比耳定律。提出的方法具有简便快速的特点,用于水样中钙和镁的同时测定,结果与原子吸收法测定值基本一致,回收率也令人满意。     

高功率激光系统中的三程放大器

在高功率钕玻璃激光系统中,使用三程放大技术,从一级钕玻璃放大器(钕玻璃棒φ20×500,双灯泵浦)中获得了约230倍的增益,同时实现了准确的光路延时。     

基于马尔可夫随机场的遥感图像分割和描述

讨论了基于马尔可夫随机场的遥感图像分割．根据卫星遥感图像的特点,建立了相应的基于马尔可夫随机场的图像分割模型．由此将图像分割问题转化成图像标记问题, 并进一步转化成求图像的最大后验概率估计的问题． 本文引进了一种基于博弈理论的决定性退火算法, 可以用该算法对图像进行标记, 该算法收敛于局部最大, 在实验中取得了很好的效果．     

Dexamethasone enhances CTLA-4 expression during T cell activation

T cell activation is enhanced by the costimulatory interaction of B7 on antigen-presenting cells and CD28 on T cells, resulting in long-term T cell proliferation, differentiation and production of large amounts of cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-2. CTLA-4 is a co-stimulation receptor that shares 31% homology with CD28 and binds B7 family members with higher affinity. CTLA-4 is transiently expressed intracellularly and on the cell surface following activation of T cells. We have studied the kinetics of CTLA-4 expression and the effects of dexamethasone on CTLA-4 expression during T cell activation in cultures of mouse spleen cells stimulated by a mixture of immobilized anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 monoclonal antibodies (anti-CD3/CD28 mAb) or concanavalin A (ConA). CTLA-4 expression peaked on day 2 and returned to background levels after 7 days. Dexamethasone was found to potentiate CTLA-4 expression in a dose-dependent manner with an EC₅₀ effective concentration 50%) of about 10⁻⁸ M. In contrast, other immunosuppressive agents, such as rapamycin or cyclosporin A had no or an inhibitory effect on CTLA-4 expression, respectively. Dexamethasone also stimulated CD28 expression, but inhibited IL-2R expression during anti-CD3/CD28 mAb-induced mouse splenic T cell activation. Western blot analyses of lysates of activated mouse T cells showed that dexamethasone increased CTLA-4 protein levels twofold during anti-CD3/CD28 mAb-induced activation. Dexamethasone also enhanced CTLA-4 messenger RNA twofold as quantified by ribonuclease protection assay. The effects of dexamethasone on CTLA-4 expression were glucocorticoid-specific and completely inhibited by the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist mifepristone (RU486), indicating that the effect of dexamethasone on CTLA-4 expression is mediated through the glucocorticoid receptor. In conclusion, the immunosuppressive agent dexamethasone actually stimulates CTLA-4 expression, which is involved in downregulation of T cell activation. Received 19 May 1999; received after revision 13 July 1999; accepted 13 July 1999