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251.
Bruce Eastwood 《Annals of science》2013,70(5):413-446
No one before Platter and Kepler proposed retinal reception of an inverted visual image. The dominant tradition in visual theory, especially that of Alhazen and his Western followers, subordinated the intra-ocular geometry of visual rays to the requirement for an upright image and to preconceptions about the precise nature of the visual spirit and its part in vision. Henry of Langenstein and an anonymous glossator in the late Middle Ages proposed alternatives to Alhazen, including the suggestion of double inversion of the image. Leonardo da Vinci was aware of both Alhazen's theory and Henry's contradiction, but perhaps not of the anonymous hypothesis of double inversion. Leonardo's visual ‘theory’ has more the character of a critique than of a theoretical alternative, and he did not transcend the medieval concept of visual spirit. 相似文献
252.
Barrett JH Iles MM Harland M Taylor JC Aitken JF Andresen PA Akslen LA Armstrong BK Avril MF Azizi E Bakker B Bergman W Bianchi-Scarrà G Bressac-de Paillerets B Calista D Cannon-Albright LA Corda E Cust AE Dębniak T Duffy D Dunning AM Easton DF Friedman E Galan P Ghiorzo P Giles GG Hansson J Hocevar M Höiom V Hopper JL Ingvar C Janssen B Jenkins MA Jönsson G Kefford RF Landi G Landi MT Lang J Lubiński J Mackie R Malvehy J Martin NG Molven A Montgomery GW van Nieuwpoort FA Novakovic S Olsson H 《Nature genetics》2011,43(11):1108-1113
We report a genome-wide association study for melanoma that was conducted by the GenoMEL Consortium. Our discovery phase included 2,981 individuals with melanoma and 1,982 study-specific control individuals of European ancestry, as well as an additional 6,426 control subjects from French or British populations, all of whom were genotyped for 317,000 or 610,000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Our analysis replicated previously known melanoma susceptibility loci. Seven new regions with at least one SNP with P < 10(-5) and further local imputed or genotyped support were selected for replication using two other genome-wide studies (from Australia and Texas, USA). Additional replication came from case-control series from the UK and The Netherlands. Variants at three of the seven loci replicated at P < 10(-3): an SNP in ATM (rs1801516, overall P = 3.4 × 10(-9)), an SNP in MX2 (rs45430, P = 2.9 × 10(-9)) and an SNP adjacent to CASP8 (rs13016963, P = 8.6 × 10(-10)). A fourth locus near CCND1 remains of potential interest, showing suggestive but inconclusive evidence of replication (rs1485993, overall P = 4.6 × 10(-7) under a fixed-effects model and P = 1.2 × 10(-3) under a random-effects model). These newly associated variants showed no association with nevus or pigmentation phenotypes in a large British case-control series. 相似文献
253.
Bruce W. Zoellick 《西北部美国博物学家》2011,64(1)
Density and biomass of redband trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss gairdneri ) relative to stream temperature were examined in headwater reaches of Big Jacks and Little Jacks Creeks in southwestern Idaho. Stream shading was greater (mean of 80% versus 46%) and solar insolation was lower (mean of 7.9 versus 15.1 mJ · m -2 · day -1 ) in Little Jacks Creek ( P P ≤ 0.07) but increased more rapidly and to higher levels (24° - 26° C) in Big Jacks Creek. Daily maximum water temperatures (23 km downstream of headwater springs) during July 1996 were lower in Little Jacks Creek (ranged from 18° to 22° C) than in Big Jacks Creek (20.2° to 26° C, P P -2 and 25.0 g · m -2 ) compared to Big Jacks Creek (0.3 fish · m -2 and 8.9 g · m -2 , P = 0.01). Trout density was negatively correlated with increases in water temperature ( P = 0.03) and solar insolation ( P = 0.09) in both streams. Trout biomass increased with stream shading and was negatively correlated with solar insolation ( P < 0.1). Warmer water temperatures in Big Jacks Creek were likely due to historical summerlong livestock grazing, which drastically reduced riparian shading. 相似文献
254.
Yang J Manolio TA Pasquale LR Boerwinkle E Caporaso N Cunningham JM de Andrade M Feenstra B Feingold E Hayes MG Hill WG Landi MT Alonso A Lettre G Lin P Ling H Lowe W Mathias RA Melbye M Pugh E Cornelis MC Weir BS Goddard ME Visscher PM 《Nature genetics》2011,43(6):519-525
We estimate and partition genetic variation for height, body mass index (BMI), von Willebrand factor and QT interval (QTi) using 586,898 SNPs genotyped on 11,586 unrelated individuals. We estimate that ~45%, ~17%, ~25% and ~21% of the variance in height, BMI, von Willebrand factor and QTi, respectively, can be explained by all autosomal SNPs and a further ~0.5-1% can be explained by X chromosome SNPs. We show that the variance explained by each chromosome is proportional to its length, and that SNPs in or near genes explain more variation than SNPs between genes. We propose a new approach to estimate variation due to cryptic relatedness and population stratification. Our results provide further evidence that a substantial proportion of heritability is captured by common SNPs, that height, BMI and QTi are highly polygenic traits, and that the additive variation explained by a part of the genome is approximately proportional to the total length of DNA contained within genes therein. 相似文献
255.
The value of data 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Mons B van Haagen H Chichester C Hoen PB den Dunnen JT van Ommen G van Mulligen E Singh B Hooft R Roos M Hammond J Kiesel B Giardine B Velterop J Groth P Schultes E 《Nature genetics》2011,43(4):281-283
Data citation and the derivation of semantic constructs directly from datasets have now both found their place in scientific communication. The social challenge facing us is to maintain the value of traditional narrative publications and their relationship to the datasets they report upon while at the same time developing appropriate metrics for citation of data and data constructs. 相似文献
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