On-chip natural assembly of silicon photonic bandgap crystals.

Photonic bandgap crystals can reflect light for any direction of propagation in specific wavelength ranges. This property, which can be used to confine, manipulate and guide photons, should allow the creation of all-optical integrated circuits. To achieve this goal, conventional semiconductor nanofabrication techniques have been adapted to make photonic crystals. A potentially simpler and cheaper approach for creating three-dimensional periodic structures is the natural assembly of colloidal microspheres. However, this approach yields irregular, polycrystalline photonic crystals that are difficult to incorporate into a device. More importantly, it leads to many structural defects that can destroy the photonic bandgap. Here we show that by assembling a thin layer of colloidal spheres on a silicon substrate, we can obtain planar, single-crystalline silicon photonic crystals that have defect densities sufficiently low that the bandgap survives. As expected from theory, we observe unity reflectance in two crystalline directions of our photonic crystals around a wavelength of 1.3 micrometres. We also show that additional fabrication steps, intentional doping and patterning, can be performed, so demonstrating the potential for specific device applications.     

饱和黏土的一维热固结特性试验研究

通过室内试验,研究了饱和黏土在不同温度作用下的固结效应.结果表明:温度对土颗粒的膨胀作用和孔隙比的收缩作用影响较小;高温作用下发生的热膨胀在一定程度上阻碍了变形的发生,高温条件下压缩指数较低温条件下有减小的趋势.但渗透性的增强使得该现象逐渐减弱.随着温度的升高,先期固结应力均随之减小.通过反分析得到了两种黏土的材料参数γ.材料参数γ越大,相同温度下的归一化先期固结应力越小.温度越高,水溶液的黏度越低,越容易被排出,其渗透系数越大,超静孔隙水压的消散越快,所以超静孔隙水压随着温度的升高而减小.渗透系数随着孔隙比的升高而升高.粒径较大试样的渗透系数大于粒径较小试样的渗透系数.     

金洞森林旅游开发的前景及效益分析

文章从发展生态旅游入手,结合当前森林旅游形势的需要,从社会基础、自然条件、区位优势与资源优势进行分析,以突出金洞的本土特色,提出合理的建设原则,并设计相应的森林旅游项目,从实际出发提出可行的开发形式与管理办法,通过效益分析得出开发森林旅游的可行性结论。     

城市及其发展观的历史演变

本文把城市发展的历史与人类文明发展的四个阶段结合起来,论述了城市在农业文明中的诞生与发展,在工业文明中的革命性转变和激剧发展,以及在即将来临的生态文明中的可能转向。在此基础上,从城市的规模、性质、开放性、人口密度、空间布局与形态、文化风貌等多方面对城市发展观的历史变迁进行了反思。     

Magnetic circuit optimization and experimental study of new internally excited automatic balancing

Mass imbalance-induced vibration affects the rotating machinery very large,especially the high-speed types.Off-line balancing techniques have been widely develo...     

多维度深海鱼类识别算法

针对深海光线分布不均匀导致鱼类识别检测困难的问题,提出了符合视觉认知的多维度深海鱼类识别算法.该方法从时间维度优化传统的高斯混合模型(GMM)初步确定变化区域,从空间维度构建目标特征,完整提取运动目标,从时空关联维度建立深度学习的鱼类识别框架,试验结果表明:本算法可在多种复杂条件下准确提取运动目标,面积交迭度(AOM)...     

Defining G protein-coupled receptor peptide ligand expressomes and signalomes in human and mouse islets

Introduction

Islets synthesise and secrete numerous peptides, some of which are known to be important regulators of islet function and glucose homeostasis. In this study, we quantified mRNAs encoding all peptide ligands of islet G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in isolated human and mouse islets and carried out in vitro islet hormone secretion studies to provide functional confirmation for the species-specific role of peptide YY (PYY) in mouse islets.

Materials and methods

GPCR peptide ligand mRNAs in human and mouse islets were quantified by quantitative real-time PCR relative to the reference genes ACTB, GAPDH, PPIA, TBP and TFRC. The pathways connecting GPCR peptide ligands with their receptors were identified by manual searches in the PubMed, IUPHAR and Ingenuity databases. Distribution of PYY protein in mouse and human islets was determined by immunohistochemistry. Insulin, glucagon and somatostatin secretion from islets was measured by radioimmunoassay.

Results

We have quantified GPCR peptide ligand mRNA expression in human and mouse islets and created specific signalomes mapping the pathways by which islet peptide ligands regulate human and mouse GPCR signalling. We also identified species-specific islet expression of several GPCR ligands. In particular, PYY mRNA levels were ~ 40,000-fold higher in mouse than human islets, suggesting a more important role of locally secreted Pyy in mouse islets. This was confirmed by IHC and functional experiments measuring insulin, glucagon and somatostatin secretion.

Discussion

The detailed human and mouse islet GPCR peptide ligand atlases will allow accurate translation of mouse islet functional studies for the identification of GPCR/peptide signalling pathways relevant for human physiology, which may lead to novel treatment modalities of diabetes and metabolic disease.

     

Meta-analysis of genome-wide association data and large-scale replication identifies additional susceptibility loci for type 2 diabetes

Genome-wide association (GWA) studies have identified multiple loci at which common variants modestly but reproducibly influence risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Established associations to common and rare variants explain only a small proportion of the heritability of T2D. As previously published analyses had limited power to identify variants with modest effects, we carried out meta-analysis of three T2D GWA scans comprising 10,128 individuals of European descent and approximately 2.2 million SNPs (directly genotyped and imputed), followed by replication testing in an independent sample with an effective sample size of up to 53,975. We detected at least six previously unknown loci with robust evidence for association, including the JAZF1 (P = 5.0 x 10(-14)), CDC123-CAMK1D (P = 1.2 x 10(-10)), TSPAN8-LGR5 (P = 1.1 x 10(-9)), THADA (P = 1.1 x 10(-9)), ADAMTS9 (P = 1.2 x 10(-8)) and NOTCH2 (P = 4.1 x 10(-8)) gene regions. Our results illustrate the value of large discovery and follow-up samples for gaining further insights into the inherited basis of T2D.     

考虑专家信息的威布尔型产品定时截尾可靠性验收试验方案设计

可靠性验收试验是检验产品是否达到可靠性要求而进行的试验。试验方案的确定需要保证使用方风险和生产方风险可控。当前GJB899A中定时截尾试验方案往往需要较长的试验时间,短时试验方案又存在两类风险较大的问题,实际应用颇受诟病。根本原因在于GJB899A的试验方案确定只考虑了系统试验数据,而忽视了其多源信息。因此,本文针对复杂系统验收试验前存在多种形式专家信息,考虑系统寿命服从威布尔分布的情况,结合专家信息来计算产品在给定试验方案下的两类风险,进一步推导得到试验时间较短、风险可控的试验方案。文章最后给出了案例分析,通过对比,验证了所提方法的有效性。