Cortical substrates for exploratory decisions in humans

Decision making in an uncertain environment poses a conflict between the opposing demands of gathering and exploiting information. In a classic illustration of this 'exploration-exploitation' dilemma, a gambler choosing between multiple slot machines balances the desire to select what seems, on the basis of accumulated experience, the richest option, against the desire to choose a less familiar option that might turn out more advantageous (and thereby provide information for improving future decisions). Far from representing idle curiosity, such exploration is often critical for organisms to discover how best to harvest resources such as food and water. In appetitive choice, substantial experimental evidence, underpinned by computational reinforcement learning (RL) theory, indicates that a dopaminergic, striatal and medial prefrontal network mediates learning to exploit. In contrast, although exploration has been well studied from both theoretical and ethological perspectives, its neural substrates are much less clear. Here we show, in a gambling task, that human subjects' choices can be characterized by a computationally well-regarded strategy for addressing the explore/exploit dilemma. Furthermore, using this characterization to classify decisions as exploratory or exploitative, we employ functional magnetic resonance imaging to show that the frontopolar cortex and intraparietal sulcus are preferentially active during exploratory decisions. In contrast, regions of striatum and ventromedial prefrontal cortex exhibit activity characteristic of an involvement in value-based exploitative decision making. The results suggest a model of action selection under uncertainty that involves switching between exploratory and exploitative behavioural modes, and provide a computationally precise characterization of the contribution of key decision-related brain systems to each of these functions.     

排污权不是权利——评《国务院办公厅关于进一步推进排污权有偿使用和交易试点工作的指导意见》

许多人认为排污权是一种权利。但基于污染物的性质、权利客体的要求以及污染物减排的目标,排污只是一种客观事实,并不是权利的依据,排污权不是一种权利。因此,排污权也不能有偿使用和交易,只有如此才能更好地减排。     

抗人类免疫缺陷病毒药物的研究进展

ＨＩＶ复制周期的每一步骤均可成为抗ＨＩＶ药物的靶点。逆转录酶、蛋白酶和整合酶的抑制剂一直是抗ＨＩＶ药物的研究重点和热点。作用于不同靶点的抗ＨＩＶ药物的联合治疗取得了重大突破,对减少ＨＩＶ引起的发病率和死亡率起了主要作用,为治愈ＡＩＤＳ带来了希望。从天然资源中寻找新的抗ＡＩＤＳ药物或先导化合物的研究,是当前国内外新药创制中重要的研究方向和非常活跃的领域,至少已发现近百种天然化合物具有抗ＨＩＶ的活性。     

东北地区晚古生代地层划分与对比

对赤峰-开源断裂带以北、内蒙古贺根山以东的东北地区晚古生代地层进行了综合地层学研究。将上古生界划分为4个地层区11个地层分区;进行了岩石地层单位清理;在全区晚古生代建立了2个牙形刺带、9个■带、12个珊瑚带、16个腕足带、6个头足(含菊石)带、1个双壳带和7个植物带等共计53个生物带,其中前人建立42个带,此次新建11个带。根据岩石地层、生物地层研究资料,结合同位素测年数据确立了各地层分区的代表性岩石地层单位的时代,建立了该区多重地层划分对比表,为岩相古地理图的编制打下基础。     

Multifractal analysis of resting state fMRI series in default mode network: age and gender effects

Age-related changes of resting state in default mode network （DMN） may provide new clues to the developing mechanism of normal brain as well as early diagnosis and therapy of some neuropsychiatric disorders. The application of multifractal theory to functional magnetic resonance imaging （fMRI） signals has recently raised increasing attention. We aim to explore the multifractal characteristics underlying the resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging （rs-fMRI） series extracted from DMN, and two issues are mainly discussed： （1） whether there exist multifractals in rs-fMRI series; （2） whether it is possible to distinguish between the different ages or genders by means of multifractal characteristics. Results demon- strated the existence of multifractals in rs-fMRI series in DMN. In addition, slight differences between young subjects and middle-aged or elderly subjects can be successfully detected by △asα, a modified measure we proposed. Furthermore, it is revealed that the rs-fMRI series from young subjects possess smaller averaged scale index and weaker long range correlation, while those from middle-aged or elderly people present increasing averaged scale index andstronger long range correlation. Whereas no significant statistical differences has been found between male and female group. Our results, therefore, highlight the potential useful- ness of multifractal analysis in fMRI series of a certain brain region, and provide important insights into healthy aging in DMN.     

高寒草甸土壤微生物量及酶活性的研究

为揭示高寒草甸土壤微生物量和土壤酶活性特征,以青藏高原金露梅(Potentilla frutisosa)丛间草地和矮嵩草(Kobresia humilis)草甸为研究对象,分析了其土壤理化性质、土壤微生物量、微生物贡献率、土壤酶活性特征.结果表明:矮嵩草草甸土壤全氮、全磷、微生物碳(氮、磷)、微生物氮(磷)贡献率、土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶活性均显著大于金露梅丛间草地;而土壤有效磷、磷酸酶活性均显著小于金露梅丛间草甸;2种类型草甸的土壤有机质、微生物碳贡献率没有显著差异;2种类型草甸的土壤微生物量对土壤营养库的贡献率均在较低水平.说明高寒草甸在植被生长旺季土壤微生物量呈现较高的水平;而微生物量对土壤营养库比值略偏低.矮嵩草草甸比金露梅丛间草地更有利于土壤养分的提高以及土壤微生物的生长和繁殖.     

早熟禾的组织培养和基因枪介导的基因转化体系的初步建立

分析了不同质量浓度的２,４－二硝基苯酚对早熟禾愈伤组织诱导和愈伤组织分化成苗的影响,３ｍｇ／Ｌ和０．１ｍｇ／Ｌ２,４－Ｄ分别是本试验所用早熟禾基因型诱导形成愈伤组织和愈伤组织分化成勒的最适度量浓度。利用基因针ＧＵＳ基因的ｐＧＡ４７０和ｐＡｃｔ１－Ｄ质粒导入愈伤组织,通过组织染色法检测到Ｇｕｓ基因的瞬时表达。     

浅析植物抗氧化的物质基础

结合对高海拔地区植物矮嵩草抗氧化物质研究的结果,浅析一下植物的抗氧化物质基础     

工程施工进度控制

针对目前影响工程项目施工效益较大的施工进度控制问题,结合我国目前广泛使用的横道图和网络图形式表达的进度计划的特点,提出了建立在责任制和周作业计划制度基础之上采用施工进度前峰线和工程进度曲线进行施工进度控制的方法,可操作性强。