甲基丙烯酸二甲氨基乙酯季铵盐与苯乙烯两亲共聚物的共聚活性

以甲基丙烯酸二甲氨基乙酯季胺盐(QASDMAEMA)-溴代乙烷(MAEB)、溴代丁烷(MABB)、硫酸二甲酯(MADMS)及磷酸三甲酯(MATMP)季胺盐和苯乙烯(St)为单体,采用溶液自由基共聚合方法,合成了一类新型阳离子两亲共聚物.用元素分析确定两亲共聚物的组成,详细地研究了两类单体的共聚活性,比较了Finemann-Ross法和线性化(YBR)法,并得出四对共聚单体(MAEB/St、MABB/St、MADMS/St及MATMP/St)的竞聚率,其分别为:rMABB=0.44, rSt=0.15; rMAEB=0.66, rSt=0.36; rMADMS=0.66, rSt=0.27; rMATMP=0.34, rSt=0.49.最后,用Price-Alfrey的Q-e关系式研究了单体的共轭性和极性因子.     

伍廷芳的司法独立观初探

伍廷芳的司法独立观建构在西方“三权分立”原则之上 ,其主要内涵有三点 :一是反对行政权干涉司法权 ;二是采用律师制、陪审制、公开审判、辩论式诉讼、无罪推定等西方资产阶级文明审判方式和原则 ;三是开办法律学堂 ,实行法官高薪制。     

基于VC和VIP的面向对象知识表示

知识表示是人工智能研究的基本问题之一。通过在 Visual C+ +的类中引入Visual Prolog的推理机制提出了一种基于 VC和 VIP的面向对象知识表示方法 ,完善了 Visual C+ +对象的推理功能 ,进一步增强了面向对象的知识表示能力以及 VisualProlog的接口和计算能力 ,并通过实验验证了方法的性能     

微晶蜡非催化氧化反应的神经网络模型

对微晶蜡进行了非催化空气氧化，并利用人工神经网络将氧化微晶蜡的酸值、酯值及微晶蜡的氧化条件（反应温度、空气流量和反应时间）进行关联，建立了微晶蜡非催化氧化的酸值、酯值的神经网络模型，并用该模型预测了反应条件对微晶蜡氧化反应过程的影响。结果表明，该模型不但具有较高的计算精度，而且具有满意的预测能力。     

The peripheral myelin protein gene PMP-22 is contained within the Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A duplication.

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT1) is the most common form of inherited peripheral neuropathy. Although the disease is genetically heterogeneous, it has been demonstrated that the gene defect is the most frequent type (CMT1A) is the result of a partial duplication of band 17p11.2. Recent studies suggested that the peripheral hypomyelination syndrome in the trembler (Tr) mouse, a possible animal model for CMT1 disease, is associated with a point mutation in the peripheral myelin protein-22 gene (pmp-22). Expression of pmp-22 is particularly high in Schwann cells, and the protein is found in peripheral myelin. We now report that the human PMP-22 gene is contained within the CMT1A duplication. We therefore, suggest that increased dosage of the PMP-22 gene may be the cause of CMT1A neuropathy.     

Temporal difference models describe higher-order learning in humans

The ability to use environmental stimuli to predict impending harm is critical for survival. Such predictions should be available as early as they are reliable. In pavlovian conditioning, chains of successively earlier predictors are studied in terms of higher-order relationships, and have inspired computational theories such as temporal difference learning. However, there is at present no adequate neurobiological account of how this learning occurs. Here, in a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study of higher-order aversive conditioning, we describe a key computational strategy that humans use to learn predictions about pain. We show that neural activity in the ventral striatum and the anterior insula displays a marked correspondence to the signals for sequential learning predicted by temporal difference models. This result reveals a flexible aversive learning process ideally suited to the changing and uncertain nature of real-world environments. Taken with existing data on reward learning, our results suggest a critical role for the ventral striatum in integrating complex appetitive and aversive predictions to coordinate behaviour.     

Mutations in a new member of the chromodomain gene family cause CHARGE syndrome

CHARGE syndrome is a common cause of congenital anomalies affecting several tissues in a nonrandom fashion. We report a 2.3-Mb de novo overlapping microdeletion on chromosome 8q12 identified by array comparative genomic hybridization in two individuals with CHARGE syndrome. Sequence analysis of genes located in this region detected mutations in the gene CHD7 in 10 of 17 individuals with CHARGE syndrome without microdeletions, accounting for the disease in most affected individuals.     

A specific requirement for PDGF-C in palate formation and PDGFR-alpha signaling

PDGF-C is a member of the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) family, which signals through PDGF receptor (PDGFR) alphaalpha and alphabeta dimers. Here we show that Pdgfc(-/-) mice die in the perinatal period owing to feeding and respiratory difficulties associated with a complete cleft of the secondary palate. This phenotype was less severe than that of Pdgfra(-/-) embryos. Pdgfc(-/-) Pdgfa(-/-) embryos developed a cleft face, subepidermal blistering, deficiency of renal cortex mesenchyme, spina bifida and skeletal and vascular defects. Complete loss of function of both ligands, therefore, phenocopied the loss of PDGFR-alpha function, suggesting that both PDGF-A and PDGF-C signal through PDGFR-alpha to regulate the development of craniofacial structures, the neural tube and mesodermal organs. Our results also show that PDGF-C signaling is a new pathway in palatogenesis, different from, and independent of, those previously implicated.