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81.
Khajetoorians AA Chilian B Wiebe J Schuwalow S Lechermann F Wiesendanger R 《Nature》2010,467(7319):1084-1087
An individual magnetic atom doped into a semiconductor is a promising building block for bottom-up spintronic devices and quantum logic gates. Moreover, it provides a perfect model system for the atomic-scale investigation of fundamental effects such as magnetism in dilute magnetic semiconductors. However, dopants in semiconductors so far have not been studied by magnetically sensitive techniques with atomic resolution that correlate the atomic structure with the dopant's magnetism. Here we show electrical excitation and read-out of a spin associated with a single magnetic dopant in a semiconductor host. We use spin-resolved scanning tunnelling spectroscopy to measure the spin excitations and the magnetization curve of individual iron surface-dopants embedded within a two-dimensional electron gas confined to an indium antimonide (110) surface. The dopants act like isolated quantum spins the states of which are governed by a substantial magnetic anisotropy that forces the spin to lie in the surface plane. This result is corroborated by our first principles calculations. The demonstrated methodology opens new routes for the investigation of sample systems that are more widely studied in the field of spintronics-that is, Mn in GaAs (ref. 5), magnetic ions in semiconductor quantum dots, nitrogen-vacancy centres in diamond and phosphorus spins in silicon. 相似文献
82.
Field GD Gauthier JL Sher A Greschner M Machado TA Jepson LH Shlens J Gunning DE Mathieson K Dabrowski W Paninski L Litke AM Chichilnisky EJ 《Nature》2010,467(7316):673-677
To understand a neural circuit requires knowledge of its connectivity. Here we report measurements of functional connectivity between the input and ouput layers of the macaque retina at single-cell resolution and the implications of these for colour vision. Multi-electrode technology was used to record simultaneously from complete populations of the retinal ganglion cell types (midget, parasol and small bistratified) that transmit high-resolution visual signals to the brain. Fine-grained visual stimulation was used to identify the location, type and strength of the functional input of each cone photoreceptor to each ganglion cell. The populations of ON and OFF midget and parasol cells each sampled the complete population of long- and middle-wavelength-sensitive cones. However, only OFF midget cells frequently received strong input from short-wavelength-sensitive cones. ON and OFF midget cells showed a small non-random tendency to selectively sample from either long- or middle-wavelength-sensitive cones to a degree not explained by clumping in the cone mosaic. These measurements reveal computations in a neural circuit at the elementary resolution of individual neurons. 相似文献
83.
通过对汶川地震驱动的通口河流域同震崩塌、滑坡等地质灾害的野外实地考察和遥感影像分析,获得通口河流域同震及震后地质灾害的空间分布情况,结合对通口河流域构造、地貌和气候等因素的分析,获得以下认识:(1)构造因素(汶川地震)是导致通口河流域同震地质灾害的根本原因;(2)地貌因素为同震及震后地质灾害的发生提供了重要的环境条件;(3)以降雨为主的气候因素是导致震后通口河流域地质灾害发生的直接诱发因素。 相似文献
84.
Abundance and diversity of microbial life in ocean crust 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Santelli CM Orcutt BN Banning E Bach W Moyer CL Sogin ML Staudigel H Edwards KJ 《Nature》2008,453(7195):653-656
Oceanic lithosphere exposed at the sea floor undergoes seawater-rock alteration reactions involving the oxidation and hydration of glassy basalt. Basalt alteration reactions are theoretically capable of supplying sufficient energy for chemolithoautotrophic growth. Such reactions have been shown to generate microbial biomass in the laboratory, but field-based support for the existence of microbes that are supported by basalt alteration is lacking. Here, using quantitative polymerase chain reaction, in situ hybridization and microscopy, we demonstrate that prokaryotic cell abundances on seafloor-exposed basalts are 3-4 orders of magnitude greater than in overlying deep sea water. Phylogenetic analyses of basaltic lavas from the East Pacific Rise (9 degrees N) and around Hawaii reveal that the basalt-hosted biosphere harbours high bacterial community richness and that community membership is shared between these sites. We hypothesize that alteration reactions fuel chemolithoautotrophic microorganisms, which constitute a trophic base of the basalt habitat, with important implications for deep-sea carbon cycling and chemical exchange between basalt and sea water. 相似文献
85.
86.
The forefront of research into the complexes of uranium reveals chemical transformations that challenge and expand our view of this unique element. Certain ligands form multiple bonds to uranium, and small, inert molecules such as nitrogen and carbon dioxide become reactive when in complex with the metal. Such complexes provide clues to the catalytic future of uranium, in which the applications of the element extend far beyond the nuclear industry. Most excitingly, the ability of uranium to use its outermost f electrons for binding ligands might enable the element to catalyse reactions that are impossible with conventional, transition-metal catalysts. 相似文献
87.
TGF-beta-induced Foxp3 inhibits T(H)17 cell differentiation by antagonizing RORgammat function 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Zhou L Lopes JE Chong MM Ivanov II Min R Victora GD Shen Y Du J Rubtsov YP Rudensky AY Ziegler SF Littman DR 《Nature》2008,453(7192):236-240
88.
Li CH Benedick AJ Fendel P Glenday AG Kärtner FX Phillips DF Sasselov D Szentgyorgyi A Walsworth RL 《Nature》2008,452(7187):610-612
Searches for extrasolar planets using the periodic Doppler shift of stellar spectral lines have recently achieved a precision of 60 cm s(-1) (ref. 1), which is sufficient to find a 5-Earth-mass planet in a Mercury-like orbit around a Sun-like star. To find a 1-Earth-mass planet in an Earth-like orbit, a precision of approximately 5 cm s(-1) is necessary. The combination of a laser frequency comb with a Fabry-Pérot filtering cavity has been suggested as a promising approach to achieve such Doppler shift resolution via improved spectrograph wavelength calibration, with recent encouraging results. Here we report the fabrication of such a filtered laser comb with up to 40-GHz (approximately 1-A) line spacing, generated from a 1-GHz repetition-rate source, without compromising long-term stability, reproducibility or spectral resolution. This wide-line-spacing comb, or 'astro-comb', is well matched to the resolving power of high-resolution astrophysical spectrographs. The astro-comb should allow a precision as high as 1 cm s(-1) in astronomical radial velocity measurements. 相似文献
89.
Introduction Micro-machined angular rate sensors or gyroscopes are used to measure the angular velocity of a moving ob- ject without an external reference. Low cost, high pre- cision gyroscopes find a large market in consumer products, automobiles, medica… 相似文献
90.