全文获取类型
收费全文 | 39117篇 |
免费 | 112篇 |
国内免费 | 143篇 |
专业分类
系统科学 | 180篇 |
丛书文集 | 691篇 |
教育与普及 | 63篇 |
理论与方法论 | 155篇 |
现状及发展 | 18017篇 |
研究方法 | 1549篇 |
综合类 | 18117篇 |
自然研究 | 600篇 |
出版年
2013年 | 260篇 |
2012年 | 529篇 |
2011年 | 1100篇 |
2010年 | 221篇 |
2008年 | 620篇 |
2007年 | 737篇 |
2006年 | 697篇 |
2005年 | 737篇 |
2004年 | 810篇 |
2003年 | 658篇 |
2002年 | 689篇 |
2001年 | 1116篇 |
2000年 | 1054篇 |
1999年 | 749篇 |
1992年 | 711篇 |
1991年 | 511篇 |
1990年 | 571篇 |
1989年 | 562篇 |
1988年 | 515篇 |
1987年 | 547篇 |
1986年 | 631篇 |
1985年 | 786篇 |
1984年 | 557篇 |
1983年 | 493篇 |
1982年 | 440篇 |
1981年 | 462篇 |
1980年 | 527篇 |
1979年 | 1240篇 |
1978年 | 1015篇 |
1977年 | 972篇 |
1976年 | 752篇 |
1975年 | 821篇 |
1974年 | 1181篇 |
1973年 | 986篇 |
1972年 | 1047篇 |
1971年 | 1171篇 |
1970年 | 1584篇 |
1969年 | 1240篇 |
1968年 | 1105篇 |
1967年 | 1171篇 |
1966年 | 1038篇 |
1965年 | 807篇 |
1964年 | 263篇 |
1959年 | 435篇 |
1958年 | 794篇 |
1957年 | 567篇 |
1956年 | 430篇 |
1955年 | 421篇 |
1954年 | 469篇 |
1948年 | 292篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
881.
Patients with lesions in the medial temporal lobe (MTL) of the brain, which includes the hippocampus, amygdala and parahippocampal gyrus, are severely impaired in their ability to remember and recognize words or faces which they saw only a short time ago. These lesions also prevent the effect of word repetition on cortical event-related potentials that are associated with these tasks. We have been able to study the response of individual neurons in the human medial temporal lobe to such delayed recognition tasks in epileptic patients undergoing neurosurgery. We found that some MTL neurons preferentially fired on sight of one particular word from a set of ten words used in a memory task, and others fired in response to one particular face. This stimulus-specific firing was maximal during the time that the neocortical event potentials are most sensitive to stimulus repetition, suggesting that the MTL contributes specific information to the cortex during the retrieval of recent memories. 相似文献
882.
Identity of the 19S 'prosome' particle with the large multifunctional protease complex of mammalian cells (the proteasome) 总被引:36,自引:0,他引:36
There have been many reports that eukaryotic cells contain ring-shaped 19S or 20S particles which are composed of numerous polypeptide subunits ranging in size between 25 and 35 kilodaltons. Because these particles seemed to copurify with inactive mRNA, they were assumed to function in regulating mRNA translation and hence were named 'prosomes' (for 'programmed-o-some'). A number of properties have been reported for these structures, including an association with specific RNA species or with certain heat-shock proteins and involvement in tRNA processing or aminoacyl tRNA synthesis. However, these proposed activities have not been supported by definitive evidence. During studies of the proteolytic systems in mammalian tissues, we noted many similarities between these 19S particles and the high molecular weight protease complexes that are present in most or all eukaryotic cells. This (700 kilodalton) enzyme complex, designated here as LAMP for 'large alkaline multi-functional protease', contains three distinct endoproteolytic sites which function at neutral or alkaline pH and are specific for hydrolysis of proteins, hydrophobic peptides, or basic peptides. This protease also exists in a latent form which can be activated by polylysine, fatty acids, or ATP. In this report, we show that the prosomes and these protease complexes are very similar or identical with respect to their size, polypeptide composition, immunological cross-reactivity, appearance in the electron microscope, radial symmetry of subunits, subcellular localization, and proteolytic activities. Therefore, the 'prosome' probably plays a critical role in intracellular protein breakdown, and we propose that it be renamed 'proteasome'. 相似文献
883.
Chronic ethanol causes heterologous desensitization of receptors by reducing alpha s messenger RNA 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
One of the biochemical results of ethanol exposure is a change in the amount of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP) produced in response to receptor stimulation. In general, acute ethanol exposure increases the amount of cAMP produced on stimulation of receptors coupled to the enzyme adenylyl cyclase via the GTP-binding protein Gs, whereas chronic ethanol exposure has the opposite effect (results for receptors coupled via Gi have been more variable). We previously reported that adaptation to continuous ethanol exposure reduces receptor-stimulated cAMP production by 25-35% in a neuroblastoma cell line (NG108-15), and an even greater reduction of 75% was observed in lymphocytes taken from actively-drinking alcoholics. This reduction in receptor-stimulated cAMP levels was recently confirmed in platelets from alcoholics. None of these studies, however, determined whether more than one receptor coupled to adenylyl cyclase activity was affected in the same cell. Here we report that chronic ethanol exposure causes desensitization of heterologous receptors coupled to Gs as cAMP production mediated by prostaglandin E1 as well as by adenosine is reduced by approximately 30% in NG108-15 cells. We show that, after chronic ethanol exposure, the activity of the alpha subunit of Gs is decreased by 29%, the amount of alpha s protein is decreased by 38.5%, and alpha s messenger RNA is decreased by 30%. Thus, cellular adaptation to ethanol involves a reduction in alpha s mRNA and, as a consequence, reduced cAMP production by heterologous receptors coupled to Gs. Such changes in cAMP production may account for the tolerance and physical dependence on ethanol in alcoholism. 相似文献
884.
用最小二乘拟合法,将稀土区的能谱实验数据,拟合不同的能谱公式,从而证明E=a〔(1+bI(I+1))~(1/2)-1〕是符合得较好的,本文还推导了与上述能谱相应的两类转动惯量,并以此与实验计算值进行比较,结果仍很满意. 相似文献
885.
C. D. Reymond P. Schaap M. Véron J. G. Williams 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》1995,51(12):1166-1174
cAMP plays an essential role duringDictyostelium development both outside and inside the cell. Membrane-bound receptors and adenylyl cyclase are responsible for sensing and producing extracellular cAMP, whereas a phosphodiesterase is responsible for maintaining a low basal level. The molecular events underlying this type of hormone like signalling, which are now beginning to be deciphered, will be presented, in the light of cAMP analogue studies. The importance of intracellular cAMP for cell differentiation has been demonstrated by the central role of the cAMP dependent protein kinase. Mutants as well as strains obtained by reverse genetics will be reviewed which lead to our current understanding of the role of intracellular cAMP in the differentiation of both stalk and spore cells. 相似文献
886.
The role of ethylene, pure or in formulation, in the colonization behaviour of the olive bark beetle,Phloeotribus scarabaeoides (Coleoptera, Scolytidae) has been investigated in the laboratory. Ethylene has been found to be attractive in both sexes; the formulation ethrel 48 was active in an olfactometer up to several months. Ethylene, whose concentration varies with the developmental stage or the condition of the tree or its wood, may play an important role in the primary attraction of these scolytids to their host. 相似文献
887.
Synergistic effect of acute hypoxia on flow-induced release of ATP from cultured endothelial cells 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in primary cultures were perfused under normoxic or hypoxic conditions. These cells were stimulated twice for 3 min by increased flow (from 0.5 to 3.0 ml/min). Under hypoxic conditions the basal release of ATP was the same as under normoxic conditions, but during increased flow the release was greater (0.58±0.07>0.32±0.04 pmoles/ml/106 cells (+78%), for the first period of stimulation; 0.39±0.05>0.22±0.03 pmoles/ml/106 cells (+79%) for the second period). Further experiments with sequential increments in flow rate showed that under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions, a positive correlation existed between ATP release and the rate of flow but there was always more ATP released under hypoxic conditions regardless of the flow rate.HUVECs in secondary culture (second passage) were similarly stimulated. No differences were observed between normoxic and hypoxic conditions. In both cases, the quantity of ATP released during high flow (0.050±0.004 pmoles/ml/106 cells) was significantly smaller than the quantity of ATP released during low flow (0.09±0.01 pmoles/ml/106 cells).To conclude, since hypoxia alone did not affect ATP release, there appears to be a synergistic relationship between increased shear stress and hypoxia in the stimulation of ATP release from HUVECs. Moreover, the release of ATP under these conditions seems to be a property of highly differentiated endothelial cells. 相似文献
888.
龙门山中段茂汶─汶川韧性剪切带中可见到绿片岩相到角闪岩相的古生界。该地的巴罗型中压变质相相当于松潘—甘孜褶皱带中地壳的绿泥石带,构成了北东—南西向的茂汶—汶川变质带。雪隆包花岗岩体正位于该变质带的中心部位。三次韧性变形作用(D1~D3)造就了印支褶皱带,并在三叠纪末末形成了松潘—甘孜褶皱带。D1变形作用为北东—南西向的挤压作用和冲断作用,形成了大型的等斜褶皱,使古生界缩短和加厚。在持续的D2北京—南西向挤压作用下,松潘—甘孜褶皱带和稳定的扬子克拉通之间的差异应变由茂汶—汶川剪切带中非同轴左旋剪切作用所容纳。雪隆包花岗岩体是在D2变形作用的晚期侵入到剪切带的。产生蓝晶石的变质条件也是在D2或D2变形作用后出现的。D3变形作用为北西—南东向挤压,在局部地方形成糜棱岩状的道冲剪切带。这些特征与绿泥石退变质作用有关,揭示出在D3变形期间茂汶—汶川变质带有较大幅度的隆升。尽管雪隆包岩体在空间上与茂汶—汶川变质带有关,但作者认为其变质作用是岩层加厚引起的热作用重新达到平衡的产物,而不是由侵入作用引起的热接触变质作用。然而,与岩浆作用伴生的高温和活动性流体仍是产生D3局部变形和雪隆包岩体隆升的原因,这也是局部出现角闪告相 相似文献
889.
本文使用SEM、EDS、EAS、XRD和电阻率测量技术,研究了工艺参数和加入(Co,Fe2O3)对PTC(V1-x,Crx)2O3陶瓷的显微结构和电性能的影响。实验结果表明,为了制造优良性能、高可靠的热敏电阻器,必须精确控制陶瓷组份和工艺。引人象C。这样的添加物是重要的,它主要以金属形式分布在基体中,同时发现添加物对试样致密度和电性能的影响也是有益的。 相似文献
890.
Monoclonal antibody and ligand binding sites of the T cell erythrocyte receptor (CD2) 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
The human T cell erythrocyte receptor (CD2 antigen) allows thymocytes and mature T cells to adhere to thymic epithelium and target cells through a cell surface protein, LFA-3 (refs 1-6). Monoclonal antibodies recognizing CD2 can either block adhesion or, in certain combinations, induce an antigen-independent T cell activation. We have identified the binding sites for 16 monoclonal antibodies against CD2 by a rapid and generally applicable mutational analysis. The binding sites fall in three discrete regions: antibodies that participate in activation and block erythrocyte adhesion bind to the first region; antibodies that block adhesion bind to the second region; and antibodies that participate in activation but do not block adhesion bind to the third region. A large number of mutations selected for loss of antibody reactivity in the first two regions also weaken the CD2-LFA-3 interaction. Good agreement was observed between mutational lesions blocking LFA-3 binding and lesions blocking binding by activating antibodies, which supports the view that such antibodies induce T cell activation by mimicking the effect of LFA-3 binding. CD2 sequences that participate in LFA-3 binding correspond to immunoglobulin variable region hypervariable sequences when the homologous domains are aligned. 相似文献