玉米秸秆稀酸预水解液两种脱毒方法的研究

以玉米秸秆稀酸预水解液为原料,研究了减压蒸发和络合萃取两种脱毒方法对乙酸等抑制物的去除情况。结果表明:玉米秸秆稀酸预水解液减压蒸发脱毒,糠醛完全被去除,而5-羟甲基糠醛则基本不能被去除;当水解液浓缩5.80倍时,其浓缩液中乙酸质量浓度和去除率分别为4.06 g/L和60.45%。络合萃取脱毒的最佳条件:络合萃取剂的组成为30%三烷基胺+50%正辛醇+20%煤油,油水相比2∶1,温度25℃,时间60 min,此时脱毒液中乙酸质量浓度和去除率分别为1.43 g/L和52.33%,糠醛完全被去除,5-羟甲基糠醛的去除率为27.78%。     

添加外源物对蒸汽爆破玉米秸秆酶水解性能的影响

研究了8种添加物辅助单、双酶水解蒸汽爆破玉米秸秆的效果和规律。结果表明,在8种外源物中,添加Tween-80对β-葡萄糖苷酶和纤维素酶水解的促进作用最佳,可显著提高酶水解得率和酶活的稳定性。在底物纤维素质量浓度为50 g/L、纤维素酶用量为15.0μmol/(min.g)、β-葡萄糖苷酶用量为30.0μmol/(min.g)的条件下,添加4.0 g/L Tween-80反应48 h,纤维素水解生成葡萄糖和总还原糖的酶解得率分别达到86.85%和93.45%,较空白对照分别提高了7.34%和9.59%,其中可发酵性葡萄糖占总还原糖的92.94%。进一步考察该酶解条件下的蛋白质和酶活回收率,结果表明:添加Tween-80后可溶性总蛋白质的回收率提高了56.83%,β-葡萄糖苷酶和纤维素酶酶活回收率分别提高了16.87%和40.04%。     

Genome sequence and analysis of the tuber crop potato

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is the world's most important non-grain food crop and is central to global food security. It is clonally propagated, highly heterozygous, autotetraploid, and suffers acute inbreeding depression. Here we use a homozygous doubled-monoploid potato clone to sequence and assemble 86% of the 844-megabase genome. We predict 39,031 protein-coding genes and present evidence for at least two genome duplication events indicative of a palaeopolyploid origin. As the first genome sequence of an asterid, the potato genome reveals 2,642 genes specific to this large angiosperm clade. We also sequenced a heterozygous diploid clone and show that gene presence/absence variants and other potentially deleterious mutations occur frequently and are a likely cause of inbreeding depression. Gene family expansion, tissue-specific expression and recruitment of genes to new pathways contributed to the evolution of tuber development. The potato genome sequence provides a platform for genetic improvement of this vital crop.     

The unusual minimum of sunspot cycle 23 caused by meridional plasma flow variations

Direct observations over the past four centuries show that the number of sunspots observed on the Sun's surface varies periodically, going through successive maxima and minima. Following sunspot cycle 23, the Sun went into a prolonged minimum characterized by a very weak polar magnetic field and an unusually large number of days without sunspots. Sunspots are strongly magnetized regions generated by a dynamo mechanism that recreates the solar polar field mediated through plasma flows. Here we report results from kinematic dynamo simulations which demonstrate that a fast meridional flow in the first half of a cycle, followed by a slower flow in the second half, reproduces both characteristics of the minimum of sunspot cycle 23. Our model predicts that, in general, very deep minima are associated with weak polar fields. Sunspots govern the solar radiative energy and radio flux, and, in conjunction with the polar field, modulate the solar wind, the heliospheric open flux and, consequently, the cosmic ray flux at Earth.     

A Pluto-like radius and a high albedo for the dwarf planet Eris from an occultation

The dwarf planet Eris is a trans-Neptunian object with an orbital eccentricity of 0.44, an inclination of 44 degrees and a surface composition very similar to that of Pluto. It resides at present at 95.7 astronomical units (1?AU is the Earth-Sun distance) from Earth, near its aphelion and more than three times farther than Pluto. Owing to this great distance, measuring its size or detecting a putative atmosphere is difficult. Here we report the observation of a multi-chord stellar occultation by Eris on 6 November 2010 UT. The event is consistent with a spherical shape for Eris, with radius 1,163?±?6?kilometres, density 2.52?±?0.05 grams per cm(3) and a high visible geometric albedo, Pv = 0.96(+0.09)(-0.04). No nitrogen, argon or methane atmospheres are detected with surface pressure larger than ～1?nanobar, about 10,000 times more tenuous than Pluto's present atmosphere. As Pluto's radius is estimated to be between 1,150 and 1,200 kilometres, Eris appears as a Pluto twin, with a bright surface possibly caused by a collapsed atmosphere, owing to its cold environment. We anticipate that this atmosphere may periodically sublimate as Eris approaches its perihelion, at 37.8 astronomical units from the Sun.     

VOx·nH2O纳米管的制备及表征

通过表面活性剂乳化剂OP-10/十八胺作为软模板在水热条件下合成均一、超长VOx·nH2 O纳米管.纳米管长5-15μm,外径为100-120mm,内径10-20nm.所得产物用X-射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)高分辨电子显微镜(HRTEM)进行表征,并对其反应机理进行了研究.     

Mechanochemical synthesis and high-capacity performances of transition-metal borides as aqueous anode materials

Transition-metal borides MB0.5(M = Co,Mo,V) were synthesized by high-speed mechanical ball-milling of the corresponding elemental metals and boron,and investigated as aqueous anode materials.The as-synthesized borides can achieve an excellent discharge capacity,about twice that of their parent transition metals.The metal boride electrodes also exhibit polarizations about 100-300 mV lower than those of their parent metals.The galvanostatic discharge curve of CoB0.5 shows a single discharge voltage plateau as a result of simultaneous electro-oxidation of elemental cobalt and/or amorphous cobalt boride.Both MoB0.5 and VB0.5 show two well-defined voltage plateaus,corresponding to the electro-oxidation of the corresponding metal and boride.These results show that the coexisting transition metal and boride in the metal borides co-activate each other in the ball-milling process,thereby significantly enhancing their electrochemical performances.     

THE INFLUENCE OF DRAWING CONDITIONS OF PET POY ON STRUCTURE AND PROPERTY OF THE FIBER

Drawing tests upon PET POY have been made by using dynamic thermal stress analyser,which show that the dynamic thermal stress of fiber is readily affected by drawing conditions. Aseries of samples have been obtained under different drawing velocities, drawing temperatures anddraw ratios. The variations of structural factors of fiber such as the orientation, crystallinity,crystallite size and the thermal shrinkage have been measured. It is proved through experimentsthat the thermal shrinkage(Y) of the drawn fiber of PET POY is influenced by the orientation (rep-resented by sonic velocity x_1) and crystallinity (x_2) of the fiber. The quantitative relationship is es-tablished using the binary regression method: Y=10.2246+2.2030x_1-26.2670x_2 The mechanical properties such as tenacity, elongation, yield stress, initial modulus and the te-nacity at 10% elongation, etc. have also been measured. The relations between the tenacity at 10%elongation (D) and drawing velocity(V), draw ratio (DR), drawing temperature (T), and sonic ve-locity and crystallinity have been obtained using a method of mathematical statistics: D=4.594-0.009 6V , D=-8.937+7.170DR, D=2.866+0.00629T, D=-7.34+2.866x_1+6.314x_2 These equations fit well with data from the experiments. This work will be benefical to the control of quality of products and the development of newproducts.     

数学与广告

探讨了广告和数学的关系．阐述了数学概念、数学符号和数学方法在广告文体、广告策划、广告制作和广告评价中的应用．