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71.
72.
Orton GS Yanamandra-Fisher PA Fisher BM Friedson AJ Parrish PD Nelson JF Bauermeister AS Fletcher L Gezari DY Varosi F Tokunaga AT Caldwell J Baines KH Hora JL Ressler ME Fujiyoshi T Fuse T Hagopian H Martin TZ Bergstralh JT Howett C Hoffmann WF Deutsch LK Van Cleve JE Noe E Adams JD Kassis M Tollestrup E 《Nature》2008,453(7192):196-199
Observations of oscillations of temperature and wind in planetary atmospheres provide a means of generalizing models for atmospheric dynamics in a diverse set of planets in the Solar System and elsewhere. An equatorial oscillation similar to one in the Earth's atmosphere has been discovered in Jupiter. Here we report the existence of similar oscillations in Saturn's atmosphere, from an analysis of over two decades of spatially resolved observations of its 7.8-microm methane and 12.2-microm ethane stratospheric emissions, where we compare zonal-mean stratospheric brightness temperatures at planetographic latitudes of 3.6 degrees and 15.5 degrees in both the northern and the southern hemispheres. These results support the interpretation of vertical and meridional variability of temperatures in Saturn's stratosphere as a manifestation of a wave phenomenon similar to that on the Earth and in Jupiter. The period of this oscillation is 14.8 +/- 1.2 terrestrial years, roughly half of Saturn's year, suggesting the influence of seasonal forcing, as is the case with the Earth's semi-annual oscillation. 相似文献
73.
The Limits of Precaution 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Sven Ove Hansson 《Foundations of Science》1997,2(2):293-306
The maximin rule can be used as a formal version of the precautionary principle. This paper evaluates the feasibility and
the intuitive plausibility of this decision rule. The major conclusions are: (1) Precaution has to be applied symmetrically.
(2) Precaution is only possible when outcomes are comparable in terms of value, so that it can be determined which outcome
is worst. (3) Precaution is sensitive to standards of possibility. Far-away scenarios have to be excluded, and it is difficult
to find a principled way to draw the line. (4) Precaution is sensitive to the framing of decision problems. Local cautiousness
may add up to global incautiousness.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
74.
Holman (1972) proved theorems which led him to suggest that there was a fundamental opposition between hierarchical clustering and non-metric Euclidean multidimensional scaling. Empirical experience has shown this to be untrue. Explanations of this apparent contradiction have been offered previously by Kruskal (1977) and Critchley (1986). In this paper we point out the feasibility of perfectly scaling a hierarchical tree in one dimension when the primary approach to ties (Kruskal 1964) is taken. Indeed, there is a whole polyhedral convex cone of solutions for which we obtain an explicit expression. 相似文献
75.
76.
Cloned neuronal IK(A) channels reopen during recovery from inactivation 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
The kinetic behaviour and functional role of potassium ion (K+) channels mediating a fast-inactivating K+ current (IK(A)) has been widely discussed. Activating in the subthreshold range of excitation, IK(A) channels are assumed to reduce the excitatory effect of depolarizing membrane currents in a time-dependent manner. Here we report that IK(A) channels not only open in response to a depolarization but open again after repolarization of the membrane. Although the current in response to the depolarization is rapidly inactivating, the current elicited by repolarization declines slowly and produces long-lasting afterhyperpolarizations under current-clamp conditions. This implies an additional physiological role for IK(A) channels, particularly those that activate positive to the threshold of excitation. The underlying biophysical mechanism was studied by fast-application of peptides corresponding to the N-terminal end of the IK(A) channel proteins. It was found to be a voltage-dependent release of the inactivation gate. 相似文献
77.
78.
Sheiko SS Sun FC Randall A Shirvanyants D Rubinstein M Lee HI Matyjaszewski K 《Nature》2006,440(7081):191-194
Covalent carbon-carbon bonds are hard to break. Their strength is evident in the hardness of diamonds and tensile strength of polymeric fibres; on the single-molecule level, it manifests itself in the need for forces of several nanonewtons to extend and mechanically rupture one bond. Such forces have been generated using extensional flow, ultrasonic irradiation, receding meniscus and by directly stretching a single molecule with nanoprobes. Here we show that simple adsorption of brush-like macromolecules with long side chains on a substrate can induce not only conformational deformations, but also spontaneous rupture of covalent bonds in the macromolecular backbone. We attribute this behaviour to the fact that the attractive interaction between the side chains and the substrate is maximized by the spreading of the side chains, which in turn induces tension along the polymer backbone. Provided the side-chain densities and substrate interaction are sufficiently high, the tension generated will be strong enough to rupture covalent carbon-carbon bonds. We expect similar adsorption-induced backbone scission to occur for all macromolecules with highly branched architectures, such as brushes and dendrimers. This behaviour needs to be considered when designing surface-targeted macromolecules of this type-either to avoid undesired degradation, or to ensure rupture at predetermined macromolecular sites. 相似文献
79.
Long-range hydrophobic interactions operating underwater are important in the mediation of many natural and synthetic phenomena, such as protein folding, adhesion and colloid stability. Here we show that rough hydrophobic surfaces can experience attractive forces over distances more than 30 times greater than any reported previously, owing to the spontaneous evaporation of the intervening, confined water. Our finding highlights the importance of surface roughness in the interaction of extended structures in water, which has so far been largely overlooked. 相似文献
80.
The twentieth century was the wettest period in northern Pakistan over the past millennium 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Twentieth-century warming could lead to increases in the moisture-holding capacity of the atmosphere, altering the hydrological cycle and the characteristics of precipitation. Such changes in the global rate and distribution of precipitation may have a greater direct effect on human well-being and ecosystem dynamics than changes in temperature itself. Despite the co-variability of both of these climate variables, attention in long-term climate reconstruction has mainly concentrated on temperature changes. Here we present an annually resolved oxygen isotope record from tree-rings, providing a millennial-scale reconstruction of precipitation variability in the high mountains of northern Pakistan. The climatic signal originates mainly from winter precipitation, and is robust over ecologically different sites. Centennial-scale variations reveal dry conditions at the beginning of the past millennium and through the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, with precipitation increasing during the late nineteenth and the twentieth centuries to yield the wettest conditions of the past 1,000 years. Comparison with other long-term precipitation reconstructions indicates a large-scale intensification of the hydrological cycle coincident with the onset of industrialization and global warming, and the unprecedented amplitude argues for a human role. 相似文献