The effect of uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation on sodium transport in the proximal renal tubule of the rat

Zusammenfassung Durch direkte intratubuläre Applikation von Entkopplern und Antagonisten der ATP wird wahrscheinlich gemacht, dass ATP bei der aktiven Rückresorption von Na im proximalen Konvolut der Ratte eine entscheidende Rolle spielt.     

Influence of anticholinergic-antiparkinsonian agents on the effects of narcoanalgesic drugs in the rat

Zusammenfassung Nachweis, dass die zentral wirksamen, anticholinergischen Agentien (Antiparkinson-Substanzen: Methyxen, Biperiden, Ethaproperazin, Caramiphen) sowohl die analgetischen Effekte von Morphin und Meperidin als auch ihre hemmende Wirkung auf konditionierte Reaktionen erhöhen.     

Synthesis of Heterocyclic Ring Systems Using Organometallic Reagents

We developed novel synthetic routes to heterocyclic ring systems by using transition metal-mediated or -catalyzed reactions. A Lewis acid-promoted addition of the propargyl Grignard reagent 2 to the Schiff base 1 followed by a silvermediated oxidative cyclization of the homopropargylamine 3 provided the aryl-substituted pyrrole 4. Combined with a cherroseleetive hydrogenation of the pyrrole ring, this rnethod has been applied to the total synthesis of the biologically active fused indolizidine alkaloids （ ± ）-harmicine and （ ± ）-crispine A. See Fig. 1.     

The Collaborative Cross, a community resource for the genetic analysis of complex traits

The goal of the Complex Trait Consortium is to promote the development of resources that can be used to understand, treat and ultimately prevent pervasive human diseases. Existing and proposed mouse resources that are optimized to study the actions of isolated genetic loci on a fixed background are less effective for studying intact polygenic networks and interactions among genes, environments, pathogens and other factors. The Collaborative Cross will provide a common reference panel specifically designed for the integrative analysis of complex systems and will change the way we approach human health and disease.     

A relative signalling model for the formation of a topographic neural map

The highly ordered wiring of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) neurons in the eye to their synaptic targets in the superior colliculus of the midbrain has long served as the dominant experimental system for the analysis of topographic neural maps. Here we describe a quantitative model for the development of one arm of this map--the wiring of the nasal-temporal axis of the retina to the caudal-rostral axis of the superior colliculus. The model is based on RGC-RGC competition that is governed by comparisons of EphA receptor signalling intensity, which are made using ratios of, rather than absolute differences in, EphA signalling between RGCs. Molecular genetic experiments, exploiting a combinatorial series of EphA receptor knock-in and knockout mice, confirm the salient predictions of the model, and show that it both describes and predicts topographic mapping.     

Partial quantum information

Information--be it classical or quantum--is measured by the amount of communication needed to convey it. In the classical case, if the receiver has some prior information about the messages being conveyed, less communication is needed. Here we explore the concept of prior quantum information: given an unknown quantum state distributed over two systems, we determine how much quantum communication is needed to transfer the full state to one system. This communication measures the partial information one system needs, conditioned on its prior information. We find that it is given by the conditional entropy--a quantity that was known previously, but lacked an operational meaning. In the classical case, partial information must always be positive, but we find that in the quantum world this physical quantity can be negative. If the partial information is positive, its sender needs to communicate this number of quantum bits to the receiver; if it is negative, then sender and receiver instead gain the corresponding potential for future quantum communication. We introduce a protocol that we term 'quantum state merging' which optimally transfers partial information. We show how it enables a systematic understanding of quantum network theory, and discuss several important applications including distributed compression, noiseless coding with side information, multiple access channels and assisted entanglement distillation.