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41.
Freinbichler W Colivicchi MA Stefanini C Bianchi L Ballini C Misini B Weinberger P Linert W Varešlija D Tipton KF Della Corte L 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2011,68(12):2067-2079
The so-called reactive oxygen species (ROS) are defined as oxygen-containing species that are more reactive than O(2) itself, which include hydrogen peroxide and superoxide. Although these are quite stable, they may be converted in the presence of transition metal ions, such as Fe(II), to the highly reactive oxygen species (hROS). hROS may exist as free hydroxyl radicals (HO·), as bound ("crypto") radicals or as Fe(IV)-oxo (ferryl) species and the somewhat less reactive, non-radical species, singlet oxygen. This review outlines the processes by which hROS may be formed, their damaging potential, and the evidence that they might have signaling functions. Since our understanding of the formation and actions of hROS depends on reliable procedures for their detection, particular attention is given to procedures for hROS detection and quantitation and their applicability to in vivo studies. 相似文献
42.
Marsango S Bonaccorsi di Patti MC Barra D Miele R 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2011,68(17):2919-2929
Prokineticins are proteins that regulate diverse biological processes including gastrointestinal motility, angiogenesis, circadian
rhythm, and innate immune response. Prokineticins bind two closed related G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), PKR1 and PKR2.
In general, these receptors act as molecular switches to relay activation to heterotrimeric G-proteins and a growing body
of evidence points to the fact that GPCRs exist as homo- or heterodimers. We show here by Western-blot analysis that PKR2
has a dimeric structure in neutrophils. By heterologous expression of PKR2 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we examined the mechanisms of intermolecular interaction of PKR2 dimerization. The potential involvement of three types
of mechanisms was investigated: coiled-coil, disulfide bridges, and hydrophobic interactions between transmembrane domains.
Characterization of differently deleted or site-directed PKR2 mutants suggests that dimerization proceeds through interactions
between transmembrane domains. We demonstrate that co-expressing binding-deficient and signaling-deficient forms of PKR2 can
re-establish receptor functionality, possibly through a domain-swapping mechanism. 相似文献
43.
In higher vertebrates, sulfatases belong to a conserved family of enzymes that are involved in the regulation of cell metabolism
and in developmental cell signaling. They cleave the sulfate from sulfate esters contained in hormones, proteins, and complex
macromolecules. A highly conserved cysteine in their active site is post-translationally converted into formylglycine by the
formylglycine-generating enzyme encoded by SUMF1 (sulfatase modifying factor 1). This post-translational modification activates all sulfatases. Sulfatases are extensively
glycosylated proteins and some of them follow trafficking pathways through cells, being secreted and taken up by distant cells.
Many proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids contain sulfated carbohydrates, which are sulfatase substrates. Indeed,
sulfatases operate as decoding factors for a large amount of biological information contained in the structures of the sulfated
sugar chains that are covalently linked to proteins and lipids. Modifications to these sulfate groups have pivotal roles in
modulating specific signaling pathways and cell metabolism in mammals. 相似文献
44.
Mirko Tantimonaco Roberta Ceci Stefania Sabatini Maria Valeria Catani Antonello Rossi Valeria Gasperi Mauro Maccarrone 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2014,71(14):2681-2698
Recognized as a “disease modifier”, physical activity (PA) is increasingly viewed as a more holistic, cost-saving method for prevention, treatment and management of human disease conditions. The traditional view that PA engages the monoaminergic and endorphinergic systems has been challenged by the discovery of the endocannabinoid system (ECS), composed of endogenous lipids, their target receptors, and metabolic enzymes. Indeed, direct and indirect evidence suggests that the ECS might mediate some of the PA-triggered effects throughout the body. Moreover, it is now emerging that PA itself is able to modulate ECS in different ways. Against this background, in the present review we shall discuss evidence of the cross-talk between PA and the ECS, ranging from brain to peripheral districts and highlighting how ECS must be tightly regulated during PA, in order to maintain its beneficial effects on cognition, mood, and nociception, while avoiding impaired energy metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammatory processes. 相似文献
45.
46.
Analysis of the mouse transcriptome based on functional annotation of 60,770 full-length cDNAs 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Okazaki Y Furuno M Kasukawa T Adachi J Bono H Kondo S Nikaido I Osato N Saito R Suzuki H Yamanaka I Kiyosawa H Yagi K Tomaru Y Hasegawa Y Nogami A Schönbach C Gojobori T Baldarelli R Hill DP Bult C Hume DA Quackenbush J Schriml LM Kanapin A Matsuda H Batalov S Beisel KW Blake JA Bradt D Brusic V Chothia C Corbani LE Cousins S Dalla E Dragani TA Fletcher CF Forrest A Frazer KS Gaasterland T Gariboldi M Gissi C Godzik A Gough J Grimmond S Gustincich S Hirokawa N Jackson IJ Jarvis ED Kanai A 《Nature》2002,420(6915):563-573
47.
Riassunto Nell'ambito del problema del polimorfismo cromosomico diRattus rattus è stato studiato il cariotipo di varie popolazioni europee (Italia, Svizzera, Francia ed Inghilterra) riferibili alle sottospeciefrugivorus, rattus edalexandrinus. Il numero diploide osservato è sempre stato2n=38 e non è emersa nessuna differenza morfologica tra i cariogrammi delle varie popolazioni.
This research was supported by the Gruppo di Studio per le popolazioni insulari del C.N.R.. 相似文献
This research was supported by the Gruppo di Studio per le popolazioni insulari del C.N.R.. 相似文献
48.
Biogenically driven organic contribution to marine aerosol 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
O'Dowd CD Facchini MC Cavalli F Ceburnis D Mircea M Decesari S Fuzzi S Yoon YJ Putaud JP 《Nature》2004,431(7009):676-680
Marine aerosol contributes significantly to the global aerosol load and consequently has an important impact on both the Earth's albedo and climate. So far, much of the focus on marine aerosol has centred on the production of aerosol from sea-salt and non-sea-salt sulphates. Recent field experiments, however, have shown that known aerosol production processes for inorganic species cannot account for the entire aerosol mass that occurs in submicrometre sizes. Several experimental studies have pointed to the presence of significant concentrations of organic matter in marine aerosol. There is some information available about the composition of organic matter, but the contribution of organic matter to marine aerosol, as a function of aerosol size, as well as its characterization as hydrophilic or hydrophobic, has been lacking. Here we measure the physical and chemical characteristics of submicrometre marine aerosol over the North Atlantic Ocean during plankton blooms progressing from spring through to autumn. We find that during bloom periods, the organic fraction dominates and contributes 63% to the submicrometre aerosol mass (about 45% is water-insoluble and about 18% water-soluble). In winter, when biological activity is at its lowest, the organic fraction decreases to 15%. Our model simulations indicate that organic matter can enhance the cloud droplet concentration by 15% to more than 100% and is therefore an important component of the aerosol-cloud-climate feedback system involving marine biota. 相似文献
49.
Essential role of Plzf in maintenance of spermatogonial stem cells 总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15
Costoya JA Hobbs RM Barna M Cattoretti G Manova K Sukhwani M Orwig KE Wolgemuth DJ Pandolfi PP 《Nature genetics》2004,36(6):653-659
50.
Krakow D Robertson SP King LM Morgan T Sebald ET Bertolotto C Wachsmann-Hogiu S Acuna D Shapiro SS Takafuta T Aftimos S Kim CA Firth H Steiner CE Cormier-Daire V Superti-Furga A Bonafe L Graham JM Grix A Bacino CA Allanson J Bialer MG Lachman RS Rimoin DL Cohn DH 《Nature genetics》2004,36(4):405-410
The filamins are cytoplasmic proteins that regulate the structure and activity of the cytoskeleton by cross-linking actin into three-dimensional networks, linking the cell membrane to the cytoskeleton and serving as scaffolds on which intracellular signaling and protein trafficking pathways are organized (reviewed in refs. 1,2). We identified mutations in the gene encoding filamin B in four human skeletal disorders. We found homozygosity or compound heterozygosity with respect to stop-codon mutations in autosomal recessive spondylocarpotarsal syndrome (SCT, OMIM 272460) and missense mutations in individuals with autosomal dominant Larsen syndrome (OMIM 150250) and the perinatal lethal atelosteogenesis I and III phenotypes (AOI, OMIM 108720; AOIII, OMIM 108721). We found that filamin B is expressed in human growth plate chondrocytes and in the developing vertebral bodies in the mouse. These data indicate an unexpected role in vertebral segmentation, joint formation and endochondral ossification for this ubiquitously expressed cytoskeletal protein. 相似文献