Single-spin addressing in an atomic Mott insulator

Ultracold atoms in optical lattices provide a versatile tool with which to investigate fundamental properties of quantum many-body systems. In particular, the high degree of control of experimental parameters has allowed the study of many interesting phenomena, such as quantum phase transitions and quantum spin dynamics. Here we demonstrate how such control can be implemented at the most fundamental level of a single spin at a specific site of an optical lattice. Using a tightly focused laser beam together with a microwave field, we were able to flip the spin of individual atoms in a Mott insulator with sub-diffraction-limited resolution, well below the lattice spacing. The Mott insulator provided us with a large two-dimensional array of perfectly arranged atoms, in which we created arbitrary spin patterns by sequentially addressing selected lattice sites after freezing out the atom distribution. We directly monitored the tunnelling quantum dynamics of single atoms in the lattice prepared along a single line, and observed that our addressing scheme leaves the atoms in the motional ground state. The results should enable studies of entropy transport and the quantum dynamics of spin impurities, the implementation of novel cooling schemes, and the engineering of quantum many-body phases and various quantum information processing applications.     

Endonuclease G is a novel determinant of cardiac hypertrophy and mitochondrial function

Left ventricular mass (LVM) is a highly heritable trait and an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality. So far, genome-wide association studies have not identified the genetic factors that underlie LVM variation, and the regulatory mechanisms for blood-pressure-independent cardiac hypertrophy remain poorly understood. Unbiased systems genetics approaches in the rat now provide a powerful complementary tool to genome-wide association studies, and we applied integrative genomics to dissect a highly replicated, blood-pressure-independent LVM locus on rat chromosome 3p. Here we identified endonuclease G (Endog), which previously was implicated in apoptosis but not hypertrophy, as the gene at the locus, and we found a loss-of-function mutation in Endog that is associated with increased LVM and impaired cardiac function. Inhibition of Endog in cultured cardiomyocytes resulted in an increase in cell size and hypertrophic biomarkers in the absence of pro-hypertrophic stimulation. Genome-wide network analysis unexpectedly implicated ENDOG in fundamental mitochondrial processes that are unrelated to apoptosis. We showed direct regulation of ENDOG by ERR-α and PGC1α (which are master regulators of mitochondrial and cardiac function), interaction of ENDOG with the mitochondrial genome and ENDOG-mediated regulation of mitochondrial mass. At baseline, the Endog-deleted mouse heart had depleted mitochondria, mitochondrial dysfunction and elevated levels of reactive oxygen species, which were associated with enlarged and steatotic cardiomyocytes. Our study has further established the link between mitochondrial dysfunction, reactive oxygen species and heart disease and has uncovered a role for Endog in maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy.     

The genome of the green anole lizard and a comparative analysis with birds and mammals

The evolution of the amniotic egg was one of the great evolutionary innovations in the history of life, freeing vertebrates from an obligatory connection to water and thus permitting the conquest of terrestrial environments. Among amniotes, genome sequences are available for mammals and birds, but not for non-avian reptiles. Here we report the genome sequence of the North American green anole lizard, Anolis carolinensis. We find that A. carolinensis microchromosomes are highly syntenic with chicken microchromosomes, yet do not exhibit the high GC and low repeat content that are characteristic of avian microchromosomes. Also, A. carolinensis mobile elements are very young and diverse-more so than in any other sequenced amniote genome. The GC content of this lizard genome is also unusual in its homogeneity, unlike the regionally variable GC content found in mammals and birds. We describe and assign sequence to the previously unknown A. carolinensis X chromosome. Comparative gene analysis shows that amniote egg proteins have evolved significantly more rapidly than other proteins. An anole phylogeny resolves basal branches to illuminate the history of their repeated adaptive radiations.     

Nonnative Phragmites australis invasion into Utah wetlands

Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. (common reed), already one of the world’s most widespread plant species, has realized rapid range expansion in coastal wetlands of North America in the past century, but little is known about P. australis range expansion in inland wetland systems. We used genetic analyses, aerial photographs, field surveys, and a greenhouse experiment to study the extent and mechanism of nonnative P. australis invasion of Utah wetlands. We collected and genetically analyzed 39 herbarium samples across the state and 225 present-day samples from northern Utah’s major wetland complexes. All samples collected before 1993 and all samples collected outside the major wetlands of northern Utah, including some as recent as 2001, were identified as native (haplotypes A, B, D, and H). Only 10 (4%) of the present-day samples were native, each from small, discrete, low-density stands; the remaining samples were nonnative (haplotype M). Our earliest nonnative sample was collected near the Great Salt Lake in 1993. Around the Great Salt Lake, which contains 40% of Utah’s wetlands, P. australis cover has increased from 20% to 56% over the past 27 years—an increase that appears attributable to the nonnative strain. In a 3-month-long greenhouse experiment, the nonnative haplotype grew taller, had more aboveground biomass, and had a greater above- to belowground biomass ratio than the native haplotypes regardless of nitrogen, phosphorus, or water availability. Nonnative P. australis is rapidly invading the wetlands of northern Utah. Areas in Utah where the native P. australis remains should be identified and protected. Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin ex Steud (carrizo), una de las especies de plantas más ampliamente distribuida en el mundo, se ha extendido rápidamente en los humedales costeros de Norteamérica en el último siglo, pero se conoce poco sobre la expansión de P. australis en sistemas de humedales del interior. Utilizamos análisis genéticos, fotografías aéreas, estudios de campo y un experimento en invernadero para examinar el alcance y el mecanismo de la invasión de la variedad no nativa de P. australis en los humedales de Utah. Recolectamos 39 muestras de herbario a lo largo del estado y 225 muestras actuales de los mayores complejos de humedales en el norte de Utah, y las sometimos a un análisis genético. Todas las muestras recolectadas antes de 1993 y las que se recolectaron fuera de los mayores humedales del norte de Utah, siendo las más recientes del 2001, fueron identificadas como nativas (haplotipos A, B, D y H). Solo 10 (4%) de las muestras actuales fueron nativas, todas de pequeños carrizales separados con baja densidad; las restantes fueron nonativas (haplotipo M). Nuestra muestra no nativa más antigua se recolectó cerca del Gran Lago Salado en 1993. Alrededor del Gran Lago Salado, el cual contiene el 40% de los humedales del estado de Utah, la cubierta de P. australis incrementó del 20% al 56% durante los últimos 27 años, un aumento que parece atribuirse a la variedad no nativa. En un experimento de invernadero de tres meses, el haplotipo no naivo creció más alto, tenía más biomasa sobre el nivel de la tierra y una mayor proporción de biomasa sobre el nivel de la tierra por biomasa subterránea que los haplotipos nativos sin importar la disponibilidad de nitrógeno, fósforo o agua. El haplotipo no nativo de P. australis está invadiendo rápidamente los humedales del norte de Utah. Las áreas en Utah en donde las variedades nativas permanecen deben ser identificadas y protegidas durante el manejo de carrizos.     

Three Criteria for Consensus Conferences

Consensus conferences are social techniques which involve bringing together a group of scientific experts, and sometimes also non-experts, in order to increase the public role in science and related policy, to amalgamate diverse and often contradictory evidence for a hypothesis of interest, and to achieve scientific consensus or at least the appearance of consensus among scientists. For consensus conferences that set out to amalgamate evidence, I propose three desiderata: Inclusivity (the consideration of all available evidence), Constraint (the achievement of some agreement of intersubjective assessments of the hypothesis of interest), and Evidential Complexity (the evaluation of available evidence based on a plurality of relevant evidential criteria). Two examples suggest that consensus conferences can readily satisfy Inclusivity and Evidential Complexity, but consensus conferences do not as easily satisfy Constraint. I end by discussing the relation between social inclusivity and the three desiderata.     

An experimental study on the relative distribution of the somitic and somatic plate mesoderm to the abdominal wall of avian embryos

Summary The origin of the structures of the abdominal wall in avian embryos was studied by using the quail-chick marker system. It was concluded that the muscles originate from somitic cells while tendons, fasciae and the intramuscular fibroblasts, as also the remaining connective tissue, derive from the somatic plate mesoderm.Supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (CH 44/2).     

Nuclear chimaeras in the newt

Zusammenfassung Gruppen von 2–4 somatischen Kernen haploiderTriturus-Embryonen wurden in diploide, ungefurchte Eier injiziert, 11 haplo-diploide Mosaik-Larven entwickelten sich bis zum frühen Neurula-Stadium. Nachkommen von Kernen aus dem neuralen Ektoderm oder Chorda-Mesoderm von Spendern im Neurula-Stadium fanden sich in allen drei Keimblättern der Wirtslarve.     

Connection between 3H 5-HT and adenyl cyclase activation induced by 5-HT in preparations of cerebral glial membranes

Purified glial membrane preparations have been isolated from horse brain striatum. Tritiated 5-HT bound to these membranes with a high affinity (KD = 10 nM); the corresponding binding is reversible and appears specific of the serotoninergic structure. In parallel, 5-HT activates an adenylate cyclase with a low affinity (KD = 1 microM). The sites involved in this binding and in this adenylate cyclase activation appear different from the serotoninergic sites reported in the neuronal membrane preparations.