C_(301)铜基催化剂上CO、CO_2和H_2合成甲醇反应模式的研究

目前,由CO、CO_2和H_3合成甲醇反应的模式尚未能得出一致的观点。分歧主要在于合成过程中CO_2的作用。至七十年代中期,看法较为一致的模式为近年来,苏联学者采用动力学实验法和同位索示踪原子法对苏产CHM-1铜基催化剂进行研究,提出了另一种模式因而,为阐明甲醇合成反应模式,就必须阐明究竟甲醇是由CO、还是由CO_2 直接生成的。这不仅对于甲醇合成过程的优化,而且也对含CO_2工业废气的综合利用都是有意义的。本文在对国产C_(301)(Cu,ZnO和Al_2O_3组成)铜基催化剂进行动力学考察的基础上,研究CO_2在合成甲醇反应过程中的作用。实验压力5MP3,温度218—260℃,接触时间0.16—3.5秒,分别对仅含CO_2或CO和含CO、CO_2三种起始反应混合物气体进行了合成甲醇反应动力学行为的实验测定。结果表明:反应是一复杂的过程。对于含CO_2、H_2、Ar的混合物,由CO_2可以直接合成甲醇, 对含CO、H_2和Ar的混合物,甲醇由CO直接合成;而对既含CO_2又含CO 的混合物,甲醇同时由CO和CO_2合成。     

在鹰嘴豆的果实组织中光合~(14)CO_2固定产物与有关酶的活性

尽管许多豆科植物,包括鹰嘴豆的果实组织进行光合CO_2的同化是众所周知的,但是,对于在这些组织中CO_2固定的途径,特别是对磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(EC4、1、1、31)的作用还不够清楚。我们己从鹰嘴豆(Cicer arictinum L)的荚果壳、种皮(果实组织)及其苞叶中测定到一些卡尔文循珠和C_4代谢的主要酶的活性,光照和黑暗中~(14)CO_2固定速率和光合CO_2固定的最初产物。对1,5——二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶(EC4、1、1、39)和其它卡尔文循环的酶,即NADP~+——甘油醛—3—磷酸脱氢酶(EC1、2、1、13),NAD~+——甘油醛—3—磷酸脱氢酶(EC1、2、1、12)和5——磷酸核酮糖激酶(EC2、7、1、19)的活性和磷酸烯醇式丙酮羧化酶以及其他C_4代谢的酶,也就是说,对NADP~+—苹果酸脱氢酶(EC_1、1、1、82)、NAD~+—苹果酸脱氢酶(EC1、1、1、37)NADP~+—苹果酸酶(EC1、1、1、40)、NAD~+—苹果酸酶(EC1、1、1、39)、谷氨酸草酰乙酸转氨酶(EC2、6、1、2)和谷氨酸丙酮酸转氨酶(EC2、6、1、2)的活性进行了比较。一般说来,磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶和其他C_4代谢的酶,在荚果壳和种皮中的含量比在叶片中的含量为高。荚果壳和种皮在光照和黑暗中~(14)CO_2固定的速率高于叶子。说明在果实组织短期的~(140CO_2同化,象主要标记产物一样产生苹果酸,标记的3—磷酸甘油酸却较少,而在叶片中主要产物合成为3—磷酸甘油酸。显然,鹰嘴豆在果实组织中是利用磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶再固定呼吸放出的CO_2。     

Endocytosis-mediated downregulation of LIN-12/Notch upon Ras activation in Caenorhabditis elegans

The coordination of signals from different pathways is important for cell fate specification during animal development. Here, we define a novel mode of crosstalk between the epidermal growth factor receptor/Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade and the LIN-12/Notch pathway during Caenorhabditis elegans vulval development. Six vulval precursor cells (VPCs) are initially equivalent but adopt different fates as a result of an inductive signal mediated by the Ras pathway and a lateral signal mediated by the LIN-12/Notch pathway. One consequence of activating Ras is a reduction of LIN-12 protein in P6.p (ref. 2), the VPC believed to be the source of the lateral signal. Here we identify a 'downregulation targeting signal' (DTS) in the LIN-12 intracellular domain, which encompasses a di-leucine-containing endocytic sorting motif. The DTS seems to be required for internalization of LIN-12, and on Ras activation it might mediate altered endocytic routing of LIN-12, leading to downregulation. We also show that if LIN-12 is stabilized in P6.p, lateral signalling is compromised, indicating that LIN-12 downregulation is important in the appropriate specification of cell fates in vivo.     

Navigating the signalling network in mouse cardiac myocytes

Cardiac myocytes have a complex network of signals that regulates their essential role in the rhythmic pumping of the heart. This network is an appealing model system in which to study the basic principles underlying cellular signalling mechanisms. Progress in this effort has come through the establishment of standardized myocyte isolation and culture procedures and characterization of important signalling responses.     

The genome sequence and structure of rice chromosome 1

The rice species Oryza sativa is considered to be a model plant because of its small genome size, extensive genetic map, relative ease of transformation and synteny with other cereal crops. Here we report the essentially complete sequence of chromosome 1, the longest chromosome in the rice genome. We summarize characteristics of the chromosome structure and the biological insight gained from the sequence. The analysis of 43.3 megabases (Mb) of non-overlapping sequence reveals 6,756 protein coding genes, of which 3,161 show homology to proteins of Arabidopsis thaliana, another model plant. About 30% (2,073) of the genes have been functionally categorized. Rice chromosome 1 is (G + C)-rich, especially in its coding regions, and is characterized by several gene families that are dispersed or arranged in tandem repeats. Comparison with a draft sequence indicates the importance of a high-quality finished sequence.     

标准模型与超出标准模型的物理学

20世纪60年代末在非阿贝尔规范理论框架下建立起来的基本粒子的标准模型，成功地描述了强相互作用和电弱相互作用，广泛地被用来处理粒子物理的各种实验现象。但是由于它有太多的参量，以及不能很好地解决很多重要的问题，人们普遍认为它并不是一个粒子物理的终极理论。因此寻找超出标准模型的新物理就成为21世纪粒子物理学家迫切的任务。     

广义相对论中的异常零超曲面

本书给出了一个广义相对论中的广泛的和自含的脉冲类光信号的数学理论说明。这一理论将应用在相对论天体物理、宇宙学和来自引力交叉理论。激变天体物理事件提升到脉冲类光信号，并能分解为零物质薄壳和一个脉冲引力波，书中介绍了其在黑洞物理、波冲突和致密引力作用源中类光推进的一些例子。