共归纳数据类型上的共递归操作及其计算定律

范畴论框架下的共归纳数据类型可以看成是某个共代数函子下的终结共代数中的载体,针对该特点,结合范畴论给出程序语言中共归纳数据类型的共代数描述,并根据终结共代数的终结性给出相应的共递归操作的定义及其共代数计算定律;同时,利用双函子及类型函子对参数化共归纳数据类型进行抽象描述,并结合自然转换给出类型函子上的单元和融合等计算定...     

三峡小江回水区水体光学特征及分析

为探讨三峡水库运行初期小江回水区水体的光学特性,研究了2008年1月至12月期间小江回水区5个断面可见光衰减系数Kd(PAR)与透明度的时空分布特征及二者的相关性,进一步分析了可见光衰减系数与透明度、悬浮物浓度、溶解性有机物及叶绿素等水质指标的相关关系。研究区域可见光衰减系数和透明度空间分布差异不明显,但季节变化显著。可见光衰减系数在0.23~4.82 m-1之间变化,均值为(1.03±0.07) m-1,冬季最高,夏季最低。统计分析表明,可见光衰减系数与透明度有显著的相关性(R2=0.7791),表明两者可相互反演。与总颗粒态物质浓度,总无机颗粒态物质浓度的相关性显著(R2 =0.728 5,R2=0.763 7),与溶解性有机碳有一定的相关性(R2=0.128 9),与叶绿素a相关性不明显(R2=0.006),分析表明总无机颗粒态物质是小江回水区水体光学特征的最主要影响因素。     

柘林水电站扩建工程直流系统的计算与选型

以柘林水电站扩建工程为例,对直流系统进行详细的计算并选型,为直流系统的计算和选型提供了参考.     

基于Y型多针孔干涉仪的三维绝对坐标测量

提出一种利用Y型多针孔干涉仪测量三维绝对位置坐标的新方法.这种方法是通过提取多针孔板上各测量孔的相位信息进而计算出待测点绝对位置坐标的.文章详细介绍了该方法的测量原理,并通过理论分析给出了测量公式.通过计算机模拟实验的方法验证了该方法的可行性.与现有的点衍射干涉测量法相比,该方法不需要任何相移装置,对测量环境的要求低,...     

Photonic integrated technology for multi-wavelength laser emission

We summarized the design, fabrication challenges and important technologies for multi-wavelength laser transmitting photonic integration. Technologies discussed include multi-wavelength laser arrays, monolithic integration and modularizing coupling and packaging. Fabrication technique requirements have significantly declined with the rise of reconstruction-equivalent-chirp and second nanoimprint mask technologies. The monolithic integration problem between active and passive waveguides can be overcome with Butt-joint and InP array waveguide grating technologies. The dynamic characteristics of multi-factors will be simultaneously measured with multi-port analyzing modules. The performance of photonic integration chips is significantly improved with the autoecious factors compensation packaging technique.     

Does flagship species tourism benefit conservation? A case study of the golden snub-nosed monkey in Shennongjia National Nature Reserve

Tourism has been widely used as a conservation strategy that directly compensates local people or management authorities, thereby contributing to development and creating incentives to preserve the landscape. Reserves or parks that are inhabited by flagship species may be able to generate more revenue through tourism than those without such species because flagship species have great potential for raising funds and creating publicity for conservation goals. In this paper, we examine flagship species tourism...     

Aero-optical wavefront measurement technique based on BOS and its applications

A collimated light beam will be refracted if it propagates through a flow-field with index-of-refraction variations,and its wavefront will be distorted.If we measure the deflection angle of the light beam,the gradient of the wavefront can be obtained using the Malus law,and the wavefront aberration can be computed with a reconstruction algorithm.Two characteristics of background oriented schlieren(BOS) are conducive to wavefront aberration measurement:BOS can be used to measure the deflection angle of a light beam by measuring the displacement field between the reference image and the experiment image.Moreover,in a BOS system of Schlieren mode,only the ray perpendicular to the background image can be captured with a camera.This is helpful to measure wavefront aberrations that occur after a planar wavefront has passed through the flow-field.Based on these characteristics of BOS of Schlieren mode,a new wavefront measurement technique,which is called the BOS-based wavefront technique(BOS-WT),is proposed in this paper.It works by constructing the relationship between the displacement of the background image and the aero-optical wavefront gradient and uses the Southwell wavefront reconstruction algorithm.A BOS-WT system was assembled,and its temporal resolution was found to be 6 ns,and its temporal-correlation resolution reached 0.2 μs.A BOS-WT can measure the time-correlation transient wavefront quantitatively.It is simple and easy to operate.In this paper,we also present a study of the aero-optical performance of supersonic mixing layer based on our BOS-WT transient wavefronts at an interval of 5 μs.The results showed the wavefront was transient and distorted after it had passed through the mixing layer.Through the analysis of the data at the 5 μs interval,the temporal evolution of wavefront can be obtained.     

Rapid growth and sterility of growth hormone gene transgenic triploid carp

Triploid carp (100%) with 150 (3n=150) chromosomes were obtained by crossing the females of improved tetraploid hybrids (♀, 4n=200) of red crucian carp (♀)×common carp (♂) with the males of diploid yellow river carp (♂, 2n=100). The crosses yielded transgenic triploid carp (positive triploid fish, 44.2% of the progeny) and non-transgenic triploid carp (negative triploid fish). Histological examination of the gonads of 24-month-old positive triploid fish suggested they were sterile and the fish were not able to produce mature gametes during the breeding season. Morphologically, both the positive and negative triploid fish were similar. They had a spindle-shaped, laterally compressed, steel grey body with two pairs of barbells. Most of the quantifiable traits of the triploid carp were intermediate between those of the two parents. The positive and negative triploid fish were raised in the same pond for 2 years. The mean body weight of the positive triploid fish was 2.3 times higher than the negative triploid fish. The weight of the largest positive triploid fish was 2.91 times higher than that of the largest negative triploid fish. Thus, we produced fast-growing transgenic triploid carp that have a reduced ecological risk because of their inability to mate and produce progeny.     

Habitat-induced reciprocal transformation in the root phenotype of Oriental ginseng is associated with alteration in DNA methylation

Oriental ginseng is an important medicinal plant that grows in 2 major forms or ecotypes, wild and domesticated. Each form differs conspicuously in root phenotype, but can be converted from one type to another by habitat. Here we show that the habitat-induced transformation of ginseng root phenotype was accompanied by alteration in cytosine methylation at a large number of 5′-CCGG-3′ sites detected by the methylation-sensitive polymorphism (MSAP) marker. The collective CG and CHG methylation levels of all 4 landraces of the domesticated form were significantly lower than those of the wild form. Interestingly, artificially transplanted ginseng plants recreated in both directions the methylation levels (at least in CHG) of their natural counterparts. The methylation differences between the 2 ginseng ecotypes were validated at 2 isolated MSAP loci bearing homology to a 5S rRNA gene or a copia retrotransposon. Our results implicate a link between epigenetic variation and habitat-induced phenotypic flexibility in Oriental ginseng.     

Compact fiber-optic diode-laser sensor system for wide-dynamic-range relative humidity measurement

A compact fiber-optic diode-laser sensor system for measuring relative humidity is studied. In such a system, a distributed feedback laser lasing near 1877 nm is used as light source while a high-precision Pt resistance as temperature sensor, an accuracy of 0.1% relative-humidity can be achieved. The laser sensor system is able to lock to the absorption peak and calculate the density of water vapor without any additional reference measurements. Using programs built in to the microcontroller unit, the laser system can switch functions between direct measurement at high density and second-harmonic detection at low density. The system can switch between the two modes automatically and work in a wide dynamic range.