瓦克曼的技术女性主义思想评析

朱迪·瓦克曼在批判并借鉴技术社会学和传统女性主义技术理论的基础上,提出了技术女性主义主张。这一思想的理论前提是对技术决定论和本质主义性别观的解构;实质在于强调技术与性别的相互形塑;目标是试图避免陷入技术恐惧与技术崇拜的困境,并消解性别身份差异性与政治立场统一性之间的冲突及其给女性主义政治实践带来的挑战。     

Genetic variants in novel pathways influence blood pressure and cardiovascular disease risk

Blood pressure is a heritable trait influenced by several biological pathways and responsive to environmental stimuli. Over one billion people worldwide have hypertension (≥140?mm?Hg systolic blood pressure or ≥90?mm?Hg diastolic blood pressure). Even small increments in blood pressure are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events. This genome-wide association study of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, which used a multi-stage design in 200,000 individuals of European descent, identified sixteen novel loci: six of these loci contain genes previously known or suspected to regulate blood pressure (GUCY1A3-GUCY1B3, NPR3-C5orf23, ADM, FURIN-FES, GOSR2, GNAS-EDN3); the other ten provide new clues to blood pressure physiology. A genetic risk score based on 29 genome-wide significant variants was associated with hypertension, left ventricular wall thickness, stroke and coronary artery disease, but not kidney disease or kidney function. We also observed associations with blood pressure in East Asian, South Asian and African ancestry individuals. Our findings provide new insights into the genetics and biology of blood pressure, and suggest potential novel therapeutic pathways for cardiovascular disease prevention.     

记忆面孔, 男女有别: 关于面孔再认性别差异的行为与ERP研究

采用行为实验及事件相关电位技术, 通过学习-测验范式考察面孔再认中的性别差异,结果发现: (ⅰ) 女性面孔更容易被记住, 且女性很可能比男性更擅长记忆面孔. (ⅱ) 旧面孔诱发的N170 波幅更大, 表明该脑电成分可受到面孔熟悉度的调制. (ⅲ) 女性面孔诱发的N170 波幅更大, 而男性面孔引发的P2 波幅更大; 前者可能与女性面孔可变化的特征较多、需要更大的心理负载有关; 后者可能与男性面孔可变化的特征较少、再认难度较大, 从而需要更深的加工有关. (ⅳ) 新旧面孔诱发女性被试的P1 波幅存在差异, 但男性被试身上不存在此现象, 提示女性的脑活动可能比男性更早地受面孔的熟悉度所调制. 此外, 女性被试对于新旧面孔还表现出P2, N250 波幅的差异, 且女性被试新旧效应涉及的头皮范围比男性更广, 这些都为女性较好的面孔再认能力提供了电生理证据.     

多酸基三维网络框架: [Cu2(bbtz)4(SiW12O40)]的合成与结构

在水热条件下(160 ℃ ), 通过十二硅钨酸(H₄[SiW₁₂O₄₀]·14H₂O) 、氯化铜(CuCl₂·2H₂O)和1,4-二(1H-1,2,4-三氮唑-亚甲基)苯反应, 合成了结构新颖的多酸基配合物[Cu₂(bbtz)₄(SiW₁₂O₄₀)] (1). X 射线单晶衍射结果表明, 该配合物中的金属-有机框架是一个具有六边形孔道的三维网状结构, 而杂多阴离子[SiW₁₂O₄₀]^4-作为四连接点以配位键连接到六边形孔道内, 形成一个基于多酸的高维、高连接网络.     

表面增强光谱和表面等离激元共振传感器

表面等离激元光子学是研究光和金属表面自由电子耦合所引起金属表面电荷密度振荡的性质及其应用的一门学科. 金属中的自由电子在入射光的作用下产生集体振荡. 在垂直表面的方向上强度呈指数衰减, 使得亚波长金属结构中光场高度局域. 由于独特的光学性质, 使得其具有广泛的应用, 其中两个重要的分支为: 表面增强光谱和表面等离激元共振传感器. 表面增强光谱传感器是利用纳米结构的巨大表面增强效应来直接探测表面分子,表面等离激元共振传感器通过检测目标分子对等离激元共振峰的影响进行定性定量检测.这两种优势互补的传感器技术都可以达到单细胞甚至单分子的检测水平. 本文将论述表面等离激元光子学的原理、表面增强光谱和表面增强光谱传感器研究领域的国内外最新进展和发展趋势.     

纳米技术的标准化进程和伦理问题

纳米技术的快速发展和纳米技术产品的逐步进入市场, 引起了人们就使用纳米产品对人类健康、安全和环境产生影响的特别关注, 这也是目前伦理学所关心的问题. 标准化不仅在消除贸易障碍、促进国际技术交流和贸易发展、提高产品在国际市场上的竞争能力方面具有重大作用, 对于保障身体健康、生命和环境的安全同样具有重要作用. 本文介绍了纳米技术的健康、安全和环境的标准化进程. 认为上述工作将促进社会科学和自然科学在纳米伦理问题上的交流与沟通, 以期共同解决纳米伦理问题.     

有机半导体异质结电荷产生层及其在叠层有机发光二极管中的应用

叠层有机发光二极管因其具有更高的亮度、效率以及稳定性, 其研究备受关注.本文综述了叠层有机发光二极管的最新进展; 总结了作者研究小组基于有机半导体异质结的概念, 设计了由一种p 型有机半导体和一种n 型有机半导体层层组成的双层有机半导体异质结电荷产生层, 并用它们作为连接单元制备了叠层有机发光二极管, 器件的电压得到了降低, 功率效率得到了提高. 通过对电荷产生层的工作机制的深入剖析, 揭示了降低电压、提高功率效率的内在物理原因, 为进一步设计高性能有机电致发光器件提供了新的思路; 最后对叠层有机发光二极管的未来发展方向进行了展望.     

Effects of electromagnetic field and lubricate condition on the surface quality of magnesium alloy billet during LFEC processing

The microstructures of the magnesium billets could be improved markedly by low-frequency electromagnetic casting(LFEC)processing.In fact,the low-frequency electromagnetic field(LFEF)also has favorite effect on the surface quality of billet.However,few public reports on the surface quality of LFEC magnesium billets could be found.Therefore,a new crystallizer with a metal internal sleeve together with a kind of lubricant was designed aiming at lowing surface turning quantity,and the effects of casting velocit...     

Stimulation of olfactory ensheathing cell motility enhances olfactory axon growth

Axons of primary olfactory neurons are intimately associated with olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) from the olfactory epithelium until the final targeting of axons within the olfactory bulb. However, little is understood about the nature and role of interactions between OECs and axons during development of the olfactory nerve pathway. We have used high resolution time-lapse microscopy to examine the growth and interactions of olfactory axons and OECs in vitro. Transgenic mice expressing fluorescent reporters in primary olfactory axons (OMP-ZsGreen) and ensheathing cells (S100ß-DsRed) enabled us to selectively analyse these cell types in explants of olfactory epithelium. We reveal here that rather than providing only a permissive substrate for axon growth, OECs play an active role in modulating the growth of pioneer olfactory axons. We show that the interactions between OECs and axons were dependent on lamellipodial waves on the shaft of OEC processes. The motility of OECs was mediated by GDNF, which stimulated cell migration and increased the apparent motility of the axons, whereas loss of OECs via laser ablation of the cells inhibited olfactory axon outgrowth. These results demonstrate that the migration of OECs strongly regulates the motility of axons and that stimulation of OEC motility enhances axon extension and growth cone activity.     

瞬态UCM粘弹性流体的最小二乘有限元算法

【目的】建立求解瞬态UCM粘弹性流体的最小二乘有限元算法。【方法】利用具有一阶精度的差分格式对模型中的时间导数进行离散,得到了线性的半离散近似模型,采用最小二乘有限元方法对该近似模型进行求解。【结果】证明了最小二乘有限元解的存在唯一性,分析了最小二乘有限元解的先验误差估计,指出该估计依赖于时间步长Δt和空间步长h。通过一个三维空间的流动问题,验证了算法的有效性和收敛性。指出在实际计算中,相对于空间步长h,时间步长Δt对计算结果的影响较大。【结论】本文算法在数值精度方面,优于基于SUPG的混合有限元方法。