Diels-Alder合成反应的化学计量学研究

化学计量学是一门将数学、计算机技术与化学交叉结合的新兴边缘学科,在化学化工及医药卫生等相关领域取得广泛应用.将化学计量学原理和方法及技术用于合成化学中便诞生了其新的分支即合成(化学)计量学.作者试验室对此进行了较深入而系统的研究,取得了系列研究结果,并将予陆续报道.本文以著名的Diels—Alder反应为例,通过试验优化设计与多元潜因分析对其试验空间进行了系统考察和优化建模,获得满意结果.预测收率与实验收率吻合良好.1 试验(1)主要仪器和试剂.微量有机合成仪一套,无水三氯化铝(AR),用前经升华干燥处理;1,3—戊二烯(CP),甲苯(CP)作溶剂.其他试剂均为AR或CP以上纯度,使用去离子水.产物经IR,NMR,MS,UV及元素分析鉴定为目标产物(2)试验方法.按文献[4～6]进行合成提纯产品并计算产率.     

强非线性振动的增量摄动法

介绍了形如的强非线性振动的增量摄动法,式中g(x)和f(x,x是自变量的任意非线性函数。该法是无需λ很小情况下的反复的摄动法的扩展,它结合了增量法和摄动法两者的突出优点,振动的极限环对任何需要的精度均可计算,极限环的稳定性也可以论述。     

黑麦秸秆对土壤中无机氮转化和N_2O、CO_2释放的影响

在欧美国家,黑麦秸秆经常作为有机肥或农业废弃物而归还到农田中。本研究通过培养试验探讨了添加黑麦秸秆对土壤中无机氮的形态转化和N_2O、CO_2释放的影响。研究结果表明,黑麦秸秆的添加量及培养时间对土壤中N_2O、和CO_2释放量、N_2O/CO_2比值和无机氮形态转化均有明显影响。添加的黑麦秸秆越多,培养2周后土壤中的NH_4-N越多,释放的N_2O则越少。N_2O/CO_2比值与黑麦秸秆添加量呈极显著的负相关,与培养时间(T)的函数关系(达到极显著的负相关)则呈对数形式:(N_2O/CO_2)=a b·lnT。     

Global warming： Take action or wait？

Of all the changes wrought by human activity, the buildup in our atmosphere of the greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide, has gener- ated the most contentious debate. Environmentalists warn that in the absence of firm action, over th…     

Sonochemical synthesis of nanostructured nickel hydroxide as an electrode material for improved electrochemical energy storage application

A facile and fast approach for the synthesis of a nanostructured nickel hydroxide(Ni(OH)_2) via sonochemical technique is reported in the present study. The X-ray diffraction results confirmed that the synthesized Ni(OH)_2 was oriented in β-phase of hexagonal brucite structure. The nanostructured Ni(OH)_2 electrode exhibited the maximum specific capacitance of 1256 F/g at a current density of 200 mA/g in 1 M KOH_((aq)). Ni(OH)_2 electrodes exhibited the pseudocapacitive behavior due to the presence of redox reaction. It also exhibited long-term cyclic stability of 85% after 2000 cycles, suggesting that the nanostructured Ni(OH)_2 electrode will play a promising role for high performance supercapacitor application.     

A very faint core-collapse supernova in M85

An anomalous transient in the early Hubble-type (S0) galaxy Messier 85 (M85) in the Virgo cluster was discovered by Kulkarni et al. on 7 January 2006 that had very low luminosity (peak absolute R-band magnitude M(R) of about -12) that was constant over more than 80 days, red colour and narrow spectral lines, which seem inconsistent with those observed in any known class of transient events. Kulkarni et al. suggest an exotic stellar merger as the possible origin. An alternative explanation is that the transient in M85 was a type II-plateau supernova of extremely low luminosity, exploding in a lenticular galaxy with residual star-forming activity. This intriguing transient might be the faintest supernova that has ever been discovered.     

Novel neurotrophic factor CDNF protects and rescues midbrain dopamine neurons in vivo

In Parkinson's disease, brain dopamine neurons degenerate most prominently in the substantia nigra. Neurotrophic factors promote survival, differentiation and maintenance of neurons in developing and adult vertebrate nervous system. The most potent neurotrophic factor for dopamine neurons described so far is the glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). Here we have identified a conserved dopamine neurotrophic factor (CDNF) as a trophic factor for dopamine neurons. CDNF, together with its previously described vertebrate and invertebrate homologue the mesencephalic-astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor, is a secreted protein with eight conserved cysteine residues, predicting a unique protein fold and defining a new, evolutionarily conserved protein family. CDNF (Armetl1) is expressed in several tissues of mouse and human, including the mouse embryonic and postnatal brain. In vivo, CDNF prevented the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in a rat experimental model of Parkinson's disease. A single injection of CDNF before 6-OHDA delivery into the striatum significantly reduced amphetamine-induced ipsilateral turning behaviour and almost completely rescued dopaminergic tyrosine-hydroxylase-positive cells in the substantia nigra. When administered four weeks after 6-OHDA, intrastriatal injection of CDNF was able to restore the dopaminergic function and prevent the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra. Thus, CDNF was at least as efficient as GDNF in both experimental settings. Our results suggest that CDNF might be beneficial for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.     

Chiral magnetic order at surfaces driven by inversion asymmetry

Chirality is a fascinating phenomenon that can manifest itself in subtle ways, for example in biochemistry (in the observed single-handedness of biomolecules) and in particle physics (in the charge-parity violation of electroweak interactions). In condensed matter, magnetic materials can also display single-handed, or homochiral, spin structures. This may be caused by the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction, which arises from spin-orbit scattering of electrons in an inversion-asymmetric crystal field. This effect is typically irrelevant in bulk metals as their crystals are inversion symmetric. However, low-dimensional systems lack structural inversion symmetry, so that homochiral spin structures may occur. Here we report the observation of magnetic order of a specific chirality in a single atomic layer of manganese on a tungsten (110) substrate. Spin-polarized scanning tunnelling microscopy reveals that adjacent spins are not perfectly antiferromagnetic but slightly canted, resulting in a spin spiral structure with a period of about 12 nm. We show by quantitative theory that this chiral order is caused by the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction and leads to a left-rotating spin cycloid. Our findings confirm the significance of this interaction for magnets in reduced dimensions. Chirality in nanoscale magnets may play a crucial role in spintronic devices, where the spin rather than the charge of an electron is used for data transmission and manipulation. For instance, a spin-polarized current flowing through chiral magnetic structures will exert a spin-torque on the magnetic structure, causing a variety of excitations or manipulations of the magnetization and giving rise to microwave emission, magnetization switching, or magnetic motors.