早期海绵的四辐射对称性

目前学术界对最古老后生动物门类的分支序列及系统演化仍没有共识,但大多数学者都深信海绵动物是最早分支的后生动物.现生海绵部分属种有似辐射对称、少部分有顺轴旋系对称,因此,海绵被认为是在真后生动物发育特征,如有明确的轴性对称出现之前演化的动物.其他早期后生动物门类有两侧对称、四辐射对称(刺胞动物门)、二辐射对称(栉水母门)或是没有对称轴性(扁盘动物门).本研究报道了来自华南寒武系荷塘组具有四辐射对称结构的海绵化石,并且从已报道的柱状海绵化石中鉴别出前人所忽略的四辐射对称结构.本研究指出四辐射对称是海绵的原始特征,并且推测最早的海绵始祖应该是由基因控制、外形规整、细胞结构交织而成的个体.     

煤炭勘查中GPS控制测量与工程测量的应用探析

煤炭勘查工作具有其自身的特点,在控制测量以及工程测量过程中通过应用GPS技术可以有效提高测量效率和测量质量。本文分别从控制测量与工程测量两个方面探讨了其具体应用操作程序。     

Jaws and teeth of the earliest bony fishes

Extant jawed vertebrates, or gnathostomes, fall into two major monophyletic groups, namely chondrichthyans (cartilaginous fishes) and osteichthyans (bony fishes and tetrapods). Fossil representatives of the osteichthyan crown group are known from the latest Silurian period, 418 million years (Myr) ago, to the present. By contrast, stem chondrichthyans and stem osteichthyans are still largely unknown. Two extinct Palaeozoic groups, the acanthodians and placoderms, may fall into these stem groups or the common stem group of gnathostomes, but their relationships and monophyletic status are both debated. Here we report unambiguous evidence for osteichthyan characters in jaw bones referred to the late Silurian (423-416-Myr-old) fishes Andreolepis hedei and Lophosteus superbus, long known from isolated bone fragments, scales and teeth, and whose affinities to, or within, osteichthyans have been debated. The bones are a characteristic osteichthyan maxillary and dentary, but the organization of the tooth-like denticles they bear differs from the large, conical teeth of crown-group osteichthyans, indicating that they can be assigned to the stem group. Andreolepis and Lophosteus are thus not only the oldest but also the most phylogenetically basal securely identified osteichthyans known so far.     

"猩猩""大猩猩""黑猩猩"考辨

现代汉语中的“猩猩”(orangutan)、“大猩猩”(gorilla)和“黑猩猩”(chimpanzee)这三个词来自日语,它们很容易发生混淆,例如将“大猩猩”理解成大的猩猩,“黑猩猩”理解成黑的猩猩。其实,这是三种不同的动物。现在日语已将这三种动物英语名称的音译作为学名,三个名称各自独立,不再干扰,但汉语还在使用原来的名称。