带观测器的模糊-线性复合控制

本文提出了带观测器的模糊-线性复合控制系统的一般结构形式,研究了模糊-Robust控制系统,文中用观测器来估计闭环系统的误差状态,将模糊控制器用于高阶系统的控制,拓广了现有模糊控制器的应用范围。     

重建中国与世界的关系

进入全球化进程的国家当然要对外依赖,这是正常的。然而,若这种依赖过度,其代价和影响将是严重的。人们往往津津乐道如下的事实:中国已经是名列前茅的“世界贸易大国”“世界五百强”跨国公司都来到中国投资;中国到世界各地采购石油和天然气但不知有人考虑过没有,在取得上述一连串儿骄人成绩的同时中国不得不面对新的挑战:对外国投资、技术和能源,甚至对教育的过度依赖。有不少学者已经指出,高达70%的中国外贸依赖度(即外贸额占GDP的比重)在经济史上十分反常(美国为20%左右)。香港中文大学宋恩荣教授在讨论了中国的发展模式后认为:外商主…     

牛血中SOD的提取技术研究

提出了以牛血为原料分离纯化SOD的方法 ,分离产率约为 6 0 % ,提纯倍数达 90 0倍 .与经典的J.M .McCord方法相比 ,该法不仅降低了制备成本、简化了工艺 ,而且其纯度和活力回收都有明显提高     

GaAs光致发射极化电子源的原理及其在极化(e.2e)中的应用

GaAs半导体光致发射极化电子源是70年代末国际上出现的一种新型极化电子源。它采用GaAs半导体晶片作为光阴极，并在高真空环境下将碱金属铯及氧化剂镀到光阴极上，以获得负电子亲和势（Negative lectron Affinity）表面，然后通过用波长合适的圆偏振激光阴极，来获得自旋极化的电子束，详细讨论了GaAs半导体光致发射极化电子源的原理及实验过程，并介绍了极化电子在极化（e.2e)反应中的应用。     

Ventral neural tube cells differentiate into hepatocytes in the chick embryo

A population of ventral neural tube cells has recently been shown to migrate out of the hind brain neural tube via the vagus nerve and contribute to the developing gastrointestinal tract. Since liver is also innervated by the vagus nerve, we sought to determine if these cells also migrate into the liver. Ventral neural tube cells in the caudal hindbrain of chick embryos were tagged with a replication-deficient retroviral vector containing the LacZ gene on embryonic day 2. Embryos were processed for detection of labeled cells on embryonic day 5 and 11. Labeled cells were seen in the liver on both days and identified as hepatocytes. Previously, it was believed that all hepatocytes develop from the gut endoderm. Results of the present study show an additional source for the formation of liver cells. Received 25 August 1998; received after revision 5 November 1998; accepted 5 November 1998     

Physiology: does gut hormone PYY3-36 decrease food intake in rodents?

Batterham et al. report that the gut peptide hormone PYY3-36 decreases food intake and body-weight gain in rodents, a discovery that has been heralded as potentially offering a new therapy for obesity. However, we have been unable to replicate their results. Although the reasons for this discrepancy remain undetermined, an effective anti-obesity drug ultimately must produce its effects across a range of situations. The fact that the findings of Batterham et al. cannot easily be replicated calls into question the potential value of an anti-obesity approach that is based on administration of PYY3-36.     

Photosynthetic microbial mats in the 3,416-Myr-old ocean

Recent re-evaluations of the geological record of the earliest life on Earth have led to the suggestion that some of the oldest putative microfossils and carbonaceous matter were formed through abiotic hydrothermal processes. Similarly, many early Archaean (more than 3,400-Myr-old) cherts have been reinterpreted as hydrothermal deposits rather than products of normal marine sedimentary processes. Here we present the results of a field, petrographic and geochemical study testing these hypotheses for the 3,416-Myr-old Buck Reef Chert, South Africa. From sedimentary structures and distributions of sand and mud, we infer that deposition occurred in normal open shallow to deep marine environments. The siderite enrichment that we observe in deep-water sediments is consistent with a stratified early ocean. We show that most carbonaceous matter was formed by photosynthetic mats within the euphotic zone and distributed as detrital matter by waves and currents to surrounding environments. We find no evidence that hydrothermal processes had any direct role in the deposition of either the carbonaceous matter or the enclosing sediments. Instead, we conclude that photosynthetic organisms had evolved and were living in a stratified ocean supersaturated in dissolved silica 3,416 Myr ago.     

Dominant influence of HLA-B in mediating the potential co-evolution of HIV and HLA

The extreme polymorphism in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I region of the human genome is suggested to provide an advantage in pathogen defence mediated by CD8+ T cells. HLA class I molecules present pathogen-derived peptides on the surface of infected cells for recognition by CD8+ T cells. However, the relative contributions of HLA-A and -B alleles have not been evaluated. We performed a comprehensive analysis of the class I restricted CD8+ T-cell responses against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), immune control of which is dependent upon virus-specific CD8+ T-cell activity. In 375 HIV-1-infected study subjects from southern Africa, a significantly greater number of CD8+ T-cell responses are HLA-B-restricted, compared to HLA-A (2.5-fold; P = 0.0033). Here we show that variation in viral set-point, in absolute CD4 count and, by inference, in rate of disease progression in the cohort, is strongly associated with particular HLA-B but not HLA-A allele expression (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.91, respectively). Moreover, substantially greater selection pressure is imposed on HIV-1 by HLA-B alleles than by HLA-A (4.4-fold, P = 0.0003). These data indicate that the principal focus of HIV-specific activity is at the HLA-B locus. Furthermore, HLA-B gene frequencies in the population are those likely to be most influenced by HIV disease, consistent with the observation that B alleles evolve more rapidly than A alleles. The dominant involvement of HLA-B in influencing HIV disease outcome is of specific relevance to the direction of HIV research and to vaccine design.