Carbon loss from an unprecedented Arctic tundra wildfire

Arctic tundra soils store large amounts of carbon (C) in organic soil layers hundreds to thousands of years old that insulate, and in some cases maintain, permafrost soils. Fire has been largely absent from most of this biome since the early Holocene epoch, but its frequency and extent are increasing, probably in response to climate warming. The effect of fires on the C balance of tundra landscapes, however, remains largely unknown. The Anaktuvuk River fire in 2007 burned 1,039 square kilometres of Alaska's Arctic slope, making it the largest fire on record for the tundra biome and doubling the cumulative area burned since 1950 (ref. 5). Here we report that tundra ecosystems lost 2,016?±?435?g?C?m(-2) in the fire, an amount two orders of magnitude larger than annual net C exchange in undisturbed tundra. Sixty per cent of this C loss was from soil organic matter, and radiocarbon dating of residual soil layers revealed that the maximum age of soil C lost was 50 years. Scaled to the entire burned area, the fire released approximately 2.1?teragrams of C to the atmosphere, an amount similar in magnitude to the annual net C sink for the entire Arctic tundra biome averaged over the last quarter of the twentieth century. The magnitude of ecosystem C lost by fire, relative to both ecosystem and biome-scale fluxes, demonstrates that a climate-driven increase in tundra fire disturbance may represent a positive feedback, potentially offsetting Arctic greening and influencing the net C balance of the tundra biome.     

In vivo genome editing restores haemostasis in a mouse model of haemophilia

Editing of the human genome to correct disease-causing mutations is a promising approach for the treatment of genetic disorders. Genome editing improves on simple gene-replacement strategies by effecting in situ correction of a mutant gene, thus restoring normal gene function under the control of endogenous regulatory elements and reducing risks associated with random insertion into the genome. Gene-specific targeting has historically been limited to mouse embryonic stem cells. The development of zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) has permitted efficient genome editing in transformed and primary cells that were previously thought to be intractable to such genetic manipulation. In vitro, ZFNs have been shown to promote efficient genome editing via homology-directed repair by inducing a site-specific double-strand break (DSB) at a target locus, but it is unclear whether ZFNs can induce DSBs and stimulate genome editing at a clinically meaningful level in vivo. Here we show that ZFNs are able to induce DSBs efficiently when delivered directly to mouse liver and that, when co-delivered with an appropriately designed gene-targeting vector, they can stimulate gene replacement through both homology-directed and homology-independent targeted gene insertion at the ZFN-specified locus. The level of gene targeting achieved was sufficient to correct the prolonged clotting times in a mouse model of haemophilia B, and remained persistent after induced liver regeneration. Thus, ZFN-driven gene correction can be achieved in vivo, raising the possibility of genome editing as a viable strategy for the treatment of genetic disease.     

旋转压电体的广义压电热弹耦合问题的有限元法

基于具有2个热松弛时间的Green和Lindsay(G-L)广义热弹性理论,研究了无限大旋转厚压电板在上下表面受到条带状热冲击时的广义压电热弹性问题.为避免采用积分变换法求解带来精度降低问题,采用有限元法在时间域内对控制方程直接进行求解,得到了压电板在热冲击作用下的无量纲温度、无量纲位移、无量纲应力及无量纲电势等的变化...     

Vernier templating and synthesis of a 12-porphyrin nano-ring

Templates are widely used to arrange molecular components so they can be covalently linked into complex molecules that are not readily accessible by classical synthetic methods. Nature uses sophisticated templates such as the ribosome, whereas chemists use simple ions or small molecules. But as we tackle the synthesis of larger targets, we require larger templates-which themselves become synthetically challenging. Here we show that Vernier complexes can solve this problem: if the number of binding sites on the template, n(T), is not a multiple of the number of binding sites on the molecular building blocks, n(B), then small templates can direct the assembly of relatively large Vernier complexes where the number of binding sites in the product, n(P), is the lowest common multiple of n(B) and n(T) (refs 8, 9). We illustrate the value of this concept for the covalent synthesis of challenging targets by using a simple six-site template to direct the synthesis of a 12-porphyrin nano-ring with a diameter of 4.7?nm, thus establishing Vernier templating as a powerful new strategy for the synthesis of large monodisperse macromolecules.     

带固定效应半变系数面板数据模型的约束岭估计

研究带固定效应的半参数变系数面板数据模型在参数部分附加约束条件下的估计问题,结合Profile最小二乘估计和岭估计,分别建立模型参数部分和非参数部分的约束岭估计量,并给出参数部分约束岭估计量的均方误差和大样本性质。     

剪切闸板防喷器剪切性能评价

剪切闸板防喷器是井控设备的重要组成部分之一,其作用是在钻井过程中遇到突发情况时及时剪断钻杆并密封井口,其剪切性能直接关系到钻井作业的安全.以某新型上直下V结构的剪切闸板防喷器为研究对象,通过显示动力学模块对剪切闸板剪切钻杆的过程进行数值仿真模拟,分析研究闸板的剪切性能.并用该剪切闸板分别剪切5 in和5.5 in两种不...     

一种Cu(Ⅱ)超分子配合物的合成、晶体结构和磁学性质

一种Cu(Ⅱ)超分子配合物[Cu(μ1,5-dca)(dca)(bpy)]n(1)被合成并用单晶X-射线和磁性进行了表征.化合物1是由两组平行的二维网互相穿插形成的三维结构.磁表征结果显示在化合物1中Cu离子之间表现出通过二氰胺和4,4'-联吡啶桥传递的弱反铁磁相互作用.     

动态滤波反投影图像重建算法研究

图像重建算法是过程层析成像(Process Tomography,PT)中的关键技术之一.本文提出了一种动态滤波反投影算法(Active Filter Linear Back Projection,AFLBP),并进行了实验仿真.结果表明,采用AFLBP对ECT系统中图像进行重建,可使系统在保持快速成像的同时,较好地解决了敏感场的非均匀分布和固定灰度阈值造成的成像精度问题,大大提高了系统的成像精度.