Reverse Programmed SONOS Memory Technique for 0.18 μm Embedded Utilization

A 4 Mb embedded silicon-oxide-nitride-oxide-silicon (SONOS) memory was developed with a 0.18 μm CMOS logic compatible technology. A reverse programming array architecture was proposed to reduce the chip area, enhance the operating window, and increase the read speed. The charge distribution was analyzed to optimize the programming and erase conditions considering both the operating speed and the endurance performance. The final test chip has a good endurance of 105 cycles and a data retention time of at least 10 years.     

Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics of Proteins

正We describe a theoretical approach based on fragment method for quantum mechanical calculation of proteins.In this approach,complete quantum mechanical calculation of protein energies in solvent is carried out by fragment which is then feed into molecular dynamics simulation to study protein dynamics.This approach extends computational study of protein dynamics to the fully quantum mechanical level,beyond tradiationl force field methods.Pt     

Persistence of subalpine forest--meadow ecotones in the Gunnison Basin, Colorado

Forests of the southern Rocky Mountains are punctuated by persistent meadows called parks that are dominated by grasses and forbs. In an attempt to elucidate the maintenance of subalpine parks in the Gunnison Basin, Colorado, soil texture and tree morphology differences along 60-m transects spanning the forest-park ecotone were studied in 6 representative parks. Seedling survivorship, percent seed germination, and soil moisture available to plants were also studied along one of the transects in Willow Park. Soil analyses revealed 40% more silt and significantly less sand and clay in all 6 parks ( P P = 0.011), with 54% more water in forest than in park soils. Measures of growth rate obtained from tree height, dbh, and age were significantly higher nearer the ecotone ( P P = 0.002). These results suggest that stress of mature Engelmann spruce ( Picea engelmannii ) and lodgepole pine ( Pinus contorta ) is an unlikely explanation of park maintenance. P. engelmanii percent seed germination and seedling survivorship were significantly higher in the forest than in the park ( P < 0.001). This may be largely due to the more severe seedling microclimate observed in the park. Results indicate that limited seedling establishment is primarily responsible for maintenance of subalpine parks in the Gunnison Basin.     

Marsilea mollis (Marsileaceae) sporocarps and associated insect parasitism in southern Arizona

We report observations on reproductive phenology, fecundity, and sporocarp morphology for a population of the semiaquatic fern Marsilea mollis B.L. Rob. & Fernald in southern Arizona and document the parasitic relationships of 2 insects collected with the plants. The recently described weevil Notiodes sporocarpicus O&rsquo;Brien (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) utilizes the fern&rsquo;s sporocarp as a brood chamber, only the second documented instance of this form of parasitism in the United States. The wasp Lyrcus maculatus (Gahan) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) is a parasitoid of the weevil in this system.     

Revisit the K-segment of the Southeast Indian Ridge for new evidence of hydrothermal plumes

During the first leg of a Chinese research cruise to the Southeast Indian Ridge (SEIR) in 2007, we revisited the K-segment of the SEIR and observed a water column turbidity anomaly at a CTD cast station. This station was located ~400 m from a dredge site on a plume anomaly detected in 1996 by US scientists. The characteristics of the turbidity anomaly detected in our survey are different from those observed 11 years previously, implying that either the detected anomalies have distinct and different plume sources or the robustness of the plume has changed in the intervening time. In addition, turbidity anomalies were observed at two localities on the K-segment in a deep tow-yo profile. If these two anomalies are not connected, the plume incidence calculated would be about 0.28, larger than the predicted value of 0.25 for a 65 mm/a spreading rate. This increase in plume incidence on the K-segment seems to be related to the influence of the St. Paul-Amsterdam hotspot, located about 300 km to the northwest.     

如何制造人体器官

很久以来，器官的排异性和捐赠器官的缺乏一直困扰着器官移植病人。最近，美国威斯康星大学的研究人员宣布，用干细胞可生长出人体器官，这种干细胞是迄今发现的发育最不成熟的人类细胞。科学家们当其在胚胎中尚未明确发育方向时将其取出，在一定方向对其施以一定的刺激，它们便可发育成肝脏、心脏、大脑或各种骨骼。对于全世界的医生来说，这一发现无疑预示着一个医学新纪元即将来临。虽然美国国会有人反对从丢弃的胚胎和人工流产的胎儿身上获取干细胞进行研究，甚至有70名立法人员在一封措辞坚定的信中要求联邦政府禁止一切此类研究，然而…     

Understanding of the influence of process parameters on the heat transfer behavior at the metal/die interface in high pressure die casting process

The current paper focuses on the influence of the process parameters on the peak values of the interfacial heat transfer coefficient(IHTC)at metal/die interface during high pressure die casting(HPDC)process.A"step shape"casting and AM50 alloy were used during the experiment.The IHTC was determined by solving the inverse thermal problem based on the measured temperature inside the die.Results show that the initial die surface temperature(IDST,TDI)has a dominant influence while the casting pressure and fast shot velocity have a secondary influence on the IHTC peak values.By curve fitting,it was found that the IHTC peak value(hmax)changes as a function of the IDST in a manner of hmax=e αTγ DI .Such relationship between the IHTC peak value and the IDST can also be found when the casting alloy is ADC12,indicating that this phenomenon is a common characteristic in the HPDC process.     

The Use of Soft Systems Methodology to Enhance Group Creativity

Soft Systems Methodology is especially useful in diagnosing and addressing organizational problems and designing new systems in cultures that are characterised by pluralistic views and values. This paper demonstrates how SSM workshops in a large government agency resulted in a high level of creativity. SSM is then proposed as a methodology that could enhance group creativity in organizational design contexts.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Rethinking the Fifth Discipline: Learning Within the Unknowable by Robert Louis Flood. Sami Potatoes: Living with Reindeer and Perestroika by Michael Robinson and Karim-Aly Kassam. The Self Managing Organization: How Leading Companies Are Transforming the Work of Teams for Real Impact by Ronald E. Purser and Steven Cabana.