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991.
Associative learning in goal-directed behaviors, in contrast to reflexive behaviors, can alter processes of decision-making
in the selection of appropriate action and its initiation, thereby enabling animals, including humans, to gain a predictive
understanding of their external environment. In the mollusc Aplysia, recent studies on appetitive operant conditioning in which the animal learns about the positive consequences of its behavior
have provided insights into this form of associative learning which, although ubiquitous, remains mechanistically poorly understood.
The findings support increasing evidence that central circuit- and cell-wide sites other than chemical synaptic connections,
including electrical coupling and membrane conductances controlling intrinsic neuronal excitability and underlying voltage-dependent
plateauing or oscillatory mechanisms, may serve as the neural substrates for behavioral plasticity resulting from operant
conditioning. Aplysia therefore continues to provide a model system for understanding learning and memory formation that enables establishing the
neurobiological links between behavioral, network, and cellular levels of analysis. 相似文献
992.
John N. Rinne 《西北部美国博物学家》2011,48(2)
Aquatic macroinvertebrate populations inhabiting reaches of a stream within areas excluded from livestock grazing for a decade were markedly different from those in grazed areas when density, biomass, biotic condition indices, and mean chi square indices of the two populations were compared. Increased densities and biomasses of more tolerant forms of macroinvertebrates were observed in grazed reaches. Because pretreatment data were not available, differences in macroinvertebrate populations and relative tolerances of taxa in grazed and ungrazed areas could be as easily attributed to linear changes in stream habitat as to removal of domestic livestock. Results of this study have implications for the design of future research on the effects of livestock grazing on stream environments and biota: (1) baseline/pretreatment information is prerequisite, and (2) the study should take a watershed (ecosystem) approach. 相似文献
993.
Crow YJ Hayward BE Parmar R Robins P Leitch A Ali M Black DN van Bokhoven H Brunner HG Hamel BC Corry PC Cowan FM Frints SG Klepper J Livingston JH Lynch SA Massey RF Meritet JF Michaud JL Ponsot G Voit T Lebon P Bonthron DT Jackson AP Barnes DE Lindahl T 《Nature genetics》2006,38(8):917-920
Aicardi-Goutières syndrome (AGS) presents as a severe neurological brain disease and is a genetic mimic of the sequelae of transplacentally acquired viral infection. Evidence exists for a perturbation of innate immunity as a primary pathogenic event in the disease phenotype. Here, we show that TREX1, encoding the major mammalian 3' --> 5' DNA exonuclease, is the AGS1 gene, and AGS-causing mutations result in abrogation of TREX1 enzyme activity. Similar loss of function in the Trex1(-/-) mouse leads to an inflammatory phenotype. Our findings suggest an unanticipated role for TREX1 in processing or clearing anomalous DNA structures, failure of which results in the triggering of an abnormal innate immune response. 相似文献
994.
Jiang Z Asplin JR Evan AP Rajendran VM Velazquez H Nottoli TP Binder HJ Aronson PS 《Nature genetics》2006,38(4):474-478
Urolithiasis is one of the most common urologic diseases in industrialized societies. Calcium oxalate is the predominant component in 70-80% of kidney stones, and small changes in urinary oxalate concentration affect the risk of stone formation. SLC26A6 is an anion exchanger expressed on the apical membrane in many epithelial tissues, including kidney and intestine. Among its transport activities, SLC26A6 mediates Cl(-)-oxalate exchange. Here we show that mutant mice lacking Slc26a6 develop a high incidence of calcium oxalate urolithiasis. Slc26a6-null mice have significant hyperoxaluria and elevation in plasma oxalate concentration that is greatly attenuated by dietary oxalate restriction. In vitro flux studies indicated that mice lacking Slc26a6 have a defect in intestinal oxalate secretion resulting in enhanced net absorption of oxalate. We conclude that the anion exchanger SLC26A6 has a major constitutive role in limiting net intestinal absorption of oxalate, thereby preventing hyperoxaluria and calcium oxalate urolithiasis. 相似文献
995.
996.
A unified mixed-model method for association mapping that accounts for multiple levels of relatedness 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Yu J Pressoir G Briggs WH Vroh Bi I Yamasaki M Doebley JF McMullen MD Gaut BS Nielsen DM Holland JB Kresovich S Buckler ES 《Nature genetics》2006,38(2):203-208
As population structure can result in spurious associations, it has constrained the use of association studies in human and plant genetics. Association mapping, however, holds great promise if true signals of functional association can be separated from the vast number of false signals generated by population structure. We have developed a unified mixed-model approach to account for multiple levels of relatedness simultaneously as detected by random genetic markers. We applied this new approach to two samples: a family-based sample of 14 human families, for quantitative gene expression dissection, and a sample of 277 diverse maize inbred lines with complex familial relationships and population structure, for quantitative trait dissection. Our method demonstrates improved control of both type I and type II error rates over other methods. As this new method crosses the boundary between family-based and structured association samples, it provides a powerful complement to currently available methods for association mapping. 相似文献
997.
Feedback repression is required for mammalian circadian clock function 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
Sato TK Yamada RG Ukai H Baggs JE Miraglia LJ Kobayashi TJ Welsh DK Kay SA Ueda HR Hogenesch JB 《Nature genetics》2006,38(3):312-319
998.
999.
Lamellipodia mediate the heterogeneity of central olfactory ensheathing cell interactions 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Louisa C. E. Windus Katie E. Lineburg Susan E. Scott Christina Claxton Alan Mackay-Sim Brian Key James A. St John 《Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS》2010,67(10):1735-1750
The growth and guidance of primary olfactory axons are partly attributed to the presence of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs). However, little is understood about the differences between the subpopulations of OECs and what regulates their interactions. We used OEC-axon assays and determined that axons respond differently to peripheral and central OECs. We then further purified OECs from anatomically distinct regions of the olfactory bulb. Cell behaviour assays revealed that OECs from the olfactory bulb were a functionally heterogeneous population with distinct differences which is consistent with their proposed roles in vivo. We found that the heterogeneity was regulated by motile lamellipodial waves along the shaft of the OECs and that inhibition of lamellipodial wave activity via Mek1 abolished the ability of the cells to distinguish between each other. These results demonstrate that OECs from the olfactory bulb are a heterogeneous population that use lamellipodial waves to regulate cell–cell recognition. 相似文献
1000.
Recent studies suggest realized volatility provides forecasts that are as good as option‐implied volatilities, with improvement stemming from the use of high‐frequency data instead of a long‐memory specification. This paper examines whether volatility persistence can be captured by a longer dataset consisting of over 15 years of intra‐day data. Volatility forecasts are evaluated using four exchange rates (AUD/USD, EUR/USD, GBP/USD, USD/JPY) over horizons ranging from 1 day to 3 months, using an expanded set of short‐range and long‐range dependence models. The empirical results provide additional evidence that significant incremental information is found in historical forecasts, beyond the implied volatility information for all forecast horizons. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献