Fragments of linear unintegrated Rous sarcoma virus DNA, resulting from digestion with SmaI restriction endonuclease]

Linear unintegrated DNA of Schmidt-Ruppin Rous sarcoma virus, subgroup D (SR-RSV-D), was digested with SmaI restriction endonuclease, analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis, "blotted" by Southern's method and hybridized with a viral 32P cDNA. SmaI cleaves this DNA at five sites, two of which are localized at the ends of the provirus. Src and env genes seem not to be restrictied by SmaI cleavage.     

Le molybdène en biologie

Zusammenfassung Durch seine Beteiligung an der Reduktion der Nitrate und an der Aufnahme von Stickstoff, spielt das Molybdän eine erhebliche Rolle im Cyclus dieses Elements. Aus diesem Grunde ist es nützlich, diejenigen Stoffwechselprozesse zu kennen, an denen das Molybdän entscheidend beteiligt ist. Es ist das Ziel dieser Übersicht, einen zusammenfassenden Einblick in den Stand unserer Kenntnisse auf dem Gebiet dieses Oligoelements zu geben; eine chronologische Betrachtung erlaubt uns, zuerst diejenigen biochemischen Vorgänge zu betrachten, für die seine Einwirkung als gesichert gilt.Die Gesamtheit der Arbeiten über die Nitratreduktion lassen darauf schliessen, dass das Molybdän spezifisch zur Funktion der Nitratreduktase gehört. Indem es integraler Bestandteil der aus Mikroorganismen und höheren Pflanzen extrahierten Nitratreduktase ist, kommt ihm eine Rolle im Elektronentransport, welcher von den Nitraten zu den Nitriten führt, zu. Es handelt sich hier um die erste Stufe der Reaktionen, die zur Ammoniakbildung führen.Man weiss schon lange, dass Molybdän zur Bindung des Luftstickstoffs benötigt wird. Unsere Kenntnisse über eine spezifische Beteiligung des Elements an diesem Vorgang verdankt man jedoch neueren Arbeiten, vor allem jenen, welche die Bindung von Stickstoff in zellfreien Extrakten zum Gegenstand haben. Diese Ergebnisse werden im Lichte der neuern Theorien über den Mechanismus der Stickstoffbindung besprochen.Abschliessend werden einige andere Reaktionen des pflanzlichen und tierischen Stoffwechsels betrachtet, an denen das Molybdän Anteil hat.     

L'optique balistique newtonienne à l'épreuve des satellites de Jupiter

Sans résumé Présenté par Alan E.Shapiro     

Nucleotide analogues as probes for DNA polymerases

Transmission of the genetic information from the parental DNA strand to the offspring is crucial for the survival of any living species. In nature, all DNA synthesis in DNA replication, recombination and repair is catalyzed by DNA polymerases and depends on their ability to select the canonical nucleobase pair from a pool of structurally similar building blocks. Recently, a wealth of valuable new insights into DNA polymerase mechanisms have been gained through application of carefully designed synthetic nucleotides and oligonucleotides in functional enzyme studies. The applied analogues exhibit features that differ in certain aspects from their natural counterparts and, thus, allow investigation of the involvement and efficacy of a chosen particular aspect on the entire complex enzyme mechanism. This review will focus on a depiction of the efforts that have been undertaken towards the development of nucleotide analogues with carefully altered properties. The different approaches will be discussed in the context of the motivation and the problem under investigation.Received 16 March 2005; received after revision 5 May 2005; accepted 8 June 2005     

Analysis of the DNA sequence and duplication history of human chromosome 15

Here we present a finished sequence of human chromosome 15, together with a high-quality gene catalogue. As chromosome 15 is one of seven human chromosomes with a high rate of segmental duplication, we have carried out a detailed analysis of the duplication structure of the chromosome. Segmental duplications in chromosome 15 are largely clustered in two regions, on proximal and distal 15q; the proximal region is notable because recombination among the segmental duplications can result in deletions causing Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes. Sequence analysis shows that the proximal and distal regions of 15q share extensive ancient similarity. Using a simple approach, we have been able to reconstruct many of the events by which the current duplication structure arose. We find that most of the intrachromosomal duplications seem to share a common ancestry. Finally, we demonstrate that some remaining gaps in the genome sequence are probably due to structural polymorphisms between haplotypes; this may explain a significant fraction of the gaps remaining in the human genome.     

Optical turbulence profiling with single star SCIDAR technique

In order to characterize optical turbulence, we have developed a single star SCIDAR （SSS） for measurement of the distribution of Cn^2 with height. The SSS consists of a 40 cm telescope and a CCD camera for fast sampling of stellar scintillation pattern. Spatio- temporal auto and cross-correlation functions of the single star images are computed, providing vertical profiles of optical turbulence intensity C2（h） and wind speed V（h）. Using this new SSS experiment, profiles of turbulence can be obtained from the ground to the top of atmosphere, allowing the determination of seeing, isoplanatic angle and coherence time. Detailed characteristics of atmospheric optical turbulence are important for active and passive imaging, astronomical site testing, adaptive optics, laser communications, target tracking and designation, and laser beam control. We plan to improve the robotization of the SSS to be able to use it routinely even under harsh weather and altitude conditions that we expect to encounter on the high Tibetan plateau or at Dome A in Antarctica. SSS will also be applied for the site testing campaign of the future Chinese extremely large telescope.