美洲黑杨与青杨杂交F1代苗期表型性状的分化及其类型划分

【目的】研究美洲黑杨‘I-69’杨(Populus deltoides ‘Lux’)×青杨(P. cathayana)F₁代初选无性系苗期表型性状指标的分化,解析不同性状分化的生物学和生态学意义,并对无性系进行类型划分,综合考虑无性系性状以及对应的目标用途,为应对干旱等条件下杨树造林的适地适树(无性系)选择提供参考。【方法】以江苏省宿迁市泗洪县半城马浪湖林场36个‘I-69’杨×青杨F₁代无性系3根1干苗为材料,调查苗木的生长量、叶片形态、气孔特征、侧芽萌发情况和分枝特性等17个指标,分析各指标的变异特征,并根据性状变化对无性系进行分类和评价。【结果】F₁代无性系的生长和表型指标均具有显著的分化,总体上呈连续的正态分布特征,其中侧枝数与侧芽萌发率的变异系数最大,分别达102.0%和93.5%。相关分析表明,苗木生长指标与叶片形态以及分枝特性指标显著正相关,但与叶片气孔特征无显著相关。叶面积以及叶干质量分别与叶片长宽比呈显著负相关,与上下表皮气孔密度比呈显著正相关。叶片长宽比与叶柄相对长呈显著负相关,同时也与上下表皮气孔密度比呈显著负相关。叶面积和叶干质量的异速生长指数为1.007 4,整体呈等速生长关系,与分枝特性等无相关关系。基于主成分分析方法,利用表型性状可以把36个F₁代无性系分为8类,不同类型具有独特的生长、分枝特性和潜在的抗旱性能。【结论】美洲黑杨和青杨杂交F₁代无性系表型性状变异丰富,通过早期判断可以针对不同气候和立地条件造林提供无性系选择的初步信息,其中类型Ⅳ中的4个无性系生长量最大、侧枝少,叶型和气孔特性等表型性状表现出一定的耐旱特征,可以选择用于在偏干旱的平原地区或山地进行进一步的适应性造林试验。     

长相关流量下的高级在轨系统帧复用效率研究

CCSDS高级在轨系统MPDU复用效率是影响空间网络性能的重要因素,传统的短相关泊松流量分布模型不能准确反映成帧过程的真实情况.基于Pareto重尾分布多信源ON-OFF叠加过程,建立了长相关自相似流量下的AOS等时帧生成模型,推导给出了复用效率的长相关关系式,并通过仿真进一步验证了长相关自相似流量下的AOS复用效率同样具有自相似性,且与流量自相似性具有相同的强弱变化趋势.     

Medium-scale carbon nanotube thin-film integrated circuits on flexible plastic substrates

The ability to form integrated circuits on flexible sheets of plastic enables attributes (for example conformal and flexible formats and lightweight and shock resistant construction) in electronic devices that are difficult or impossible to achieve with technologies that use semiconductor wafers or glass plates as substrates. Organic small-molecule and polymer-based materials represent the most widely explored types of semiconductors for such flexible circuitry. Although these materials and those that use films or nanostructures of inorganics have promise for certain applications, existing demonstrations of them in circuits on plastic indicate modest performance characteristics that might restrict the application possibilities. Here we report implementations of a comparatively high-performance carbon-based semiconductor consisting of sub-monolayer, random networks of single-walled carbon nanotubes to yield small- to medium-scale integrated digital circuits, composed of up to nearly 100 transistors on plastic substrates. Transistors in these integrated circuits have excellent properties: mobilities as high as 80 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1), subthreshold slopes as low as 140 m V dec(-1), operating voltages less than 5 V together with deterministic control over the threshold voltages, on/off ratios as high as 10(5), switching speeds in the kilohertz range even for coarse (approximately 100-microm) device geometries, and good mechanical flexibility-all with levels of uniformity and reproducibility that enable high-yield fabrication of integrated circuits. Theoretical calculations, in contexts ranging from heterogeneous percolative transport through the networks to compact models for the transistors to circuit level simulations, provide quantitative and predictive understanding of these systems. Taken together, these results suggest that sub-monolayer films of single-walled carbon nanotubes are attractive materials for flexible integrated circuits, with many potential areas of application in consumer and other areas of electronics.     

Modest stabilization by most hydrogen-bonded side-chain interactions in membrane proteins

Understanding the energetics of molecular interactions is fundamental to all of the central quests of structural biology including structure prediction and design, mapping evolutionary pathways, learning how mutations cause disease, drug design, and relating structure to function. Hydrogen-bonding is widely regarded as an important force in a membrane environment because of the low dielectric constant of membranes and a lack of competition from water. Indeed, polar residue substitutions are the most common disease-causing mutations in membrane proteins. Because of limited structural information and technical challenges, however, there have been few quantitative tests of hydrogen-bond strength in the context of large membrane proteins. Here we show, by using a double-mutant cycle analysis, that the average contribution of eight interhelical side-chain hydrogen-bonding interactions throughout bacteriorhodopsin is only 0.6 kcal mol(-1). In agreement with these experiments, we find that 4% of polar atoms in the non-polar core regions of membrane proteins have no hydrogen-bond partner and the lengths of buried hydrogen bonds in soluble proteins and membrane protein transmembrane regions are statistically identical. Our results indicate that most hydrogen-bond interactions in membrane proteins are only modestly stabilizing. Weak hydrogen-bonding should be reflected in considerations of membrane protein folding, dynamics, design, evolution and function.     

Simultaneous teleseismic and geodetic observations of the stick-slip motion of an Antarctic ice stream

Long-period seismic sources associated with glacier motion have been recently discovered, and an increase in ice flow over the past decade has been suggested on the basis of secular changes in such measurements. Their significance, however, remains uncertain, as a relationship to ice flow has not been confirmed by direct observation. Here we combine long-period surface-wave observations with simultaneous Global Positioning System measurements of ice displacement to study the tidally modulated stick-slip motion of the Whillans Ice Stream in West Antarctica. The seismic origin time corresponds to slip nucleation at a region of the bed of the Whillans Ice Stream that is likely stronger than in surrounding regions and, thus, acts like an 'asperity' in traditional fault models. In addition to the initial pulse, two seismic arrivals occurring 10-23 minutes later represent stopping phases as the slip terminates at the ice stream edge and the grounding line. Seismic amplitude and average rupture velocity are correlated with tidal amplitude for the different slip events during the spring-to-neap tidal cycle. Although the total seismic moment calculated from ice rigidity, slip displacement, and rupture area is equivalent to an earthquake of moment magnitude seven (M(w) 7), seismic amplitudes are modest (M(s) 3.6-4.2), owing to the source duration of 20-30 minutes. Seismic radiation from ice movement is proportional to the derivative of the moment rate function at periods of 25-100 seconds and very long-period radiation is not detected, owing to the source geometry. Long-period seismic waves are thus useful for detecting and studying sudden ice movements but are insensitive to the total amount of slip.     

A test of the nature of cosmic acceleration using galaxy redshift distortions

Observations of distant supernovae indicate that the Universe is now in a phase of accelerated expansion the physical cause of which is a mystery. Formally, this requires the inclusion of a term acting as a negative pressure in the equations of cosmic expansion, accounting for about 75 per cent of the total energy density in the Universe. The simplest option for this 'dark energy' corresponds to a 'cosmological constant', perhaps related to the quantum vacuum energy. Physically viable alternatives invoke either the presence of a scalar field with an evolving equation of state, or extensions of general relativity involving higher-order curvature terms or extra dimensions. Although they produce similar expansion rates, different models predict measurable differences in the growth rate of large-scale structure with cosmic time. A fingerprint of this growth is provided by coherent galaxy motions, which introduce a radial anisotropy in the clustering pattern reconstructed by galaxy redshift surveys. Here we report a measurement of this effect at a redshift of 0.8. Using a new survey of more than 10,000 faint galaxies, we measure the anisotropy parameter beta = 0.70 +/- 0.26, which corresponds to a growth rate of structure at that time of f = 0.91 +/- 0.36. This is consistent with the standard cosmological-constant model with low matter density and flat geometry, although the error bars are still too large to distinguish among alternative origins for the accelerated expansion. The correct origin could be determined with a further factor-of-ten increase in the sampled volume at similar redshift.     

Using photoemission spectroscopy to probe a strongly interacting Fermi gas

Ultracold atomic gases provide model systems in which to study many-body quantum physics. Recent experiments using Fermi gases have demonstrated a phase transition to a superfluid state with strong interparticle interactions. This system provides a realization of the 'BCS-BEC crossover' connecting the physics of Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) superconductivity with that of Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs). Although many aspects of this system have been investigated, it has not yet been possible to measure the single-particle excitation spectrum (a fundamental property directly predicted by many-body theories). Here we use photoemission spectroscopy to directly probe the elementary excitations and energy dispersion in a strongly interacting Fermi gas of (40)K atoms. In the experiments, a radio-frequency photon ejects an atom from the strongly interacting system by means of a spin-flip transition to a weakly interacting state. We measure the occupied density of single-particle states at the cusp of the BCS-BEC crossover and on the BEC side of the crossover, and compare these results to that for a nearly ideal Fermi gas. We show that, near the critical temperature, the single-particle spectral function is dramatically altered in a way that is consistent with a large pairing gap. Our results probe the many-body physics in a way that could be compared to data for the high-transition-temperature superconductors. As in photoemission spectroscopy for electronic materials, our measurement technique for ultracold atomic gases directly probes low-energy excitations and thus can reveal excitation gaps and/or pseudogaps. Furthermore, this technique can provide an analogue of angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy for probing anisotropic systems, such as atoms in optical lattice potentials.     

减轻麻尾至驾欧高速公路对环境影响的对策

麻尾至驾欧高速公路是一条集交通、旅游、观光为一体的精品旅游线路,力图使公路与沿线自然景观、人文景观完美结合。阐述该道路交通对生态、大气、声及社会环境几方面的影响及应对措施。     

基于PWM技术的船舶轴带发电系统并网运行仿真

采用PWM整流-逆变技术的新型船舶轴带发电系统是当今船舶行业的重点研究领域之一,而逆变器与柴油发电机组的长期稳定并联运行问题是该系统的关键问题之一,将柴油发电机组的有功功率-频率和无功功率-电压下垂特性引入到逆变器控制器可以解决该问题。介绍了新型船舶轴带发电系统的结构及运行原理,分析了基于引入的下垂特性的并联运行控制策略,基于Matlab/Simulink仿真软件建立了逆变器及其控制器、柴油发电机组以及系统仿真模型并进行了系统并联运行仿真。仿真结果表明控制策略是正确可行的。     

An optical supernova associated with the X-ray flash XRF 060218

Long-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are associated with type Ic supernovae that are more luminous than average and that eject material at very high velocities. Less-luminous supernovae were not hitherto known to be associated with GRBs, and therefore GRB-supernovae were thought to be rare events. Whether X-ray flashes--analogues of GRBs, but with lower luminosities and fewer gamma-rays--can also be associated with supernovae, and whether they are intrinsically 'weak' events or typical GRBs viewed off the axis of the burst, is unclear. Here we report the optical discovery and follow-up observations of the type Ic supernova SN 2006aj associated with X-ray flash XRF 060218. Supernova 2006aj is intrinsically less luminous than the GRB-supernovae, but more luminous than many supernovae not accompanied by a GRB. The ejecta velocities derived from our spectra are intermediate between these two groups, which is consistent with the weakness of both the GRB output and the supernova radio flux. Our data, combined with radio and X-ray observations, suggest that XRF 060218 is an intrinsically weak and soft event, rather than a classical GRB observed off-axis. This extends the GRB-supernova connection to X-ray flashes and fainter supernovae, implying a common origin. Events such as XRF 060218 are probably more numerous than GRB-supernovae.