活动课与地方课程资源的开发和利用

历史课程标准特别强调要培养学生的实践活动能力，全国各地出版的九年义务教育历史课本，每一种版本都安排了“活动课”，并将作为必修课内容。“活动课”就其教学内容而言，具有极大的开放性，不仅涉及历史课本上的内容，而且涉及到课本以外的教学内容，涉及整个社会现实和学生的生活实践，所以活动课与地方历史课程紧密相关。因此，教师在教学过程中，要充分开发和利用地方历史课程资源，把地方历史课程资源作为“活动课”的教学资源，使“活动课”教学更加丰富多彩，更加贴近学生的生活，充分展示“活动课”的教学功能。     

沉痛悼念著名科学史家李约瑟博士

沉痛悼念著名科学史家李约瑟博士王渝生１９９５年３月２４日２０时５５分（格林威治时间），英国皇家学会会员、中国科学院外籍院士、著名科学史学家李约瑟博士在英国剑桥他的寓所里溘然长逝，享年９５岁。他的身边摆满了中国书画和用具，陪伴他的还有他已故的妻子、华裔...     

犬复合营养素的研制及饲喂效果试验

试验以研制的由矿物质、微量元素、复合维生素和特殊香料组成的大用复合营养素饲喂２３头小型大和５０头大型犬，收到了明显效果。复合营养素对于预防营养和代谢疾病、佝偻病等有明显作用，亦有益于幼大生长发育及成年犬的繁殖，使用安全、可靠。     

关子齐次微分方程的积分曲线

记所论微分方程为(E_λ)_n,本文拓广的不变直线法,在(E_λ)_n的“有理相曲线”与临界、中介水平线”的交、切点与型号间建立起对应关系.依次以各水平线上交、切点型号串得的型列为行,使构成(E_λ)_n的型阵.它表达出λ遍取不同实数值(由-∞至,+∞)时,(E_λ)_n积分曲线的定性变化图景.实际上,它就是的均匀旋转向量场的完全族.     

The dead-end elimination theorem and its use in protein side-chain positioning

The prediction of a protein's tertiary structure is still a considerable problem because the huge amount of possible conformational space1 makes it computationally difficult. With regard to side-chain modelling, a solution has been attempted by the grouping of side-chain conformations into representative sets of rotamers2??. Nonetheless, an exhaustive combinatorial search is still limited to carefully indentified packing units?? containing a limited number of residues. For larger systems other strategies had to be developed, such as the Monte Carlo Procedure?? and the genetic algorithm and clustering approach?. Here we present a theorem, referred to as the 'dead-end elimination' theorem, which imposes a suitable condition to identify rotamers that cannot be members of the global minimum energy conformation. Application of this theorem effectively controls the computational explosion of the rotamer combinatorial problem, thereby allowing the determination of the global minimum energy conformation of a large collection of side chains.     

Organically preserved microbial endoliths from the late Proterozoic of East Greenland

Diverse microorganisms ranging from cyanobacteria to eukaryotic algae and fungi live endolithically within ooids, hardgrounds and invertebrate shells on the present-day sea floor. These organisms are involved in the mechanical destruction of carbonates, and are useful ecological indicators of water depth and pollution. The Phanerozoic history of microbial endoliths has been elucidated through the study of microborings (the trace fossils of endolithic microorganisms) and rare cellularly preserved individuals, but nothing was known of the possible Precambrian evolution of comparable microorganisms until Campbell documented the occurrence of microborings in late Proterozoic ooids from central East Greenland. We now report the discovery of large populations of organically preserved endolithic microorganisms in silicified pisolites from 700-800-Myr-old Limestone-Dolomite Series of East Greenland. This fossil assemblage is significant for three reasons: (1) It confirms the prediction that oolites, pisolites and hardgrounds--the substrates for pre-Phanerozoic endoliths--provide a hitherto poorly explored but rewarding set of environments into which the search for early microfossils must be broadened; (2) the assemblage is diverse, containing about 12 taxa of morphologically distinct and previously unknown endolithic cyanobacteria, plus associated epilithic and interstitial populations; and (3) at least six of the fossil populations are indistinguishable in morphology, pattern of development, reproductive biology and inferred ecology from distinctive cyanobacterial species that bore ooids today in the Bahama Banks.     

用爆炸波起爆癸烷云雾的两种模式

用垂直激波管研究了400μm癸烷液滴与空气混合物的爆炸波起爆。每种混合物有两个极限起爆能值,即高值Ecu,和低值Ecl。当起爆能的值高于Ecu时,观察到100%发生爆轰;而当其低于Ecl时,就不会发生爆轰。有趣的是,当起爆能水平在Ecu和Ecl之间时观察到对应于不同的起爆能水平有不同的起爆行为。如实验结果所表明的,爆轰的激发不仅是由于直接起爆,而且也由于“爆燃”到爆轰的转变。     

Saccadic oscillations facilitate ocular perfusion from the avian pecten

THE evolution of the eye is constrained by two conflicting requirements--good vascular perfusion of the retina, and an optical path through the retina that is unobstructed by blood vessels. Birds are interesting in that they have higher metabolic rates and thicker retinas than mammals, but have no retinal blood vessels. Nutrients and oxygen must thus reach the neurons of the inner retina either from the choroid through 300 micron of metabolically very active retina, or from the pecten, a pleated vascular structure protruding from the head of the optic nerve into the vitreous chamber, and more than a centimetre away from some retinal neurons. Despite the diffusional distance involved, several lines of evidence indicate that the pecten is the primary source of nutrients for the inner retina: the presence of an oxygen gradient from pecten to retina, the large surface area produced by macroscopic folds and by microscopic infoldings of the luminal and external surfaces of the capillary endothelium, extrusion of circulating fluorescein, high content of carbonic anhydrase and alkaline phosphatase, and retinal impairments after pecten ablation. Another peculiarity of birds, their saccadic oscillations, occur with a large cyclotor-sional component during every saccadic eye movement. In different species, saccades, which occur at intervals of 0.5-40 s, have up to 13 oscillations with frequencies of 15-30 Hz and ampliá-tudes of about 10 degrees. Therefore, as much as 12% of some birds' total viewing time may be subject to the image instability caused by the oscillations. Using fluorescein angiography, we show here that during every saccade, the pecten acts as an agitator which propels perfusate towards the central retina much more effectively than is observed during intersaccadic intervals.