全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1632篇 |
免费 | 20篇 |
国内免费 | 24篇 |
专业分类
系统科学 | 25篇 |
丛书文集 | 16篇 |
教育与普及 | 86篇 |
理论与方法论 | 9篇 |
现状及发展 | 162篇 |
研究方法 | 302篇 |
综合类 | 1075篇 |
自然研究 | 1篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 5篇 |
2021年 | 3篇 |
2019年 | 3篇 |
2018年 | 3篇 |
2017年 | 10篇 |
2016年 | 5篇 |
2015年 | 3篇 |
2013年 | 5篇 |
2012年 | 134篇 |
2011年 | 155篇 |
2010年 | 40篇 |
2009年 | 5篇 |
2008年 | 123篇 |
2007年 | 149篇 |
2006年 | 148篇 |
2005年 | 135篇 |
2004年 | 120篇 |
2003年 | 82篇 |
2002年 | 89篇 |
2001年 | 65篇 |
2000年 | 76篇 |
1999年 | 27篇 |
1997年 | 3篇 |
1996年 | 6篇 |
1995年 | 6篇 |
1994年 | 7篇 |
1993年 | 11篇 |
1992年 | 10篇 |
1991年 | 16篇 |
1990年 | 14篇 |
1989年 | 10篇 |
1988年 | 6篇 |
1987年 | 6篇 |
1986年 | 3篇 |
1985年 | 5篇 |
1983年 | 3篇 |
1982年 | 4篇 |
1981年 | 5篇 |
1980年 | 7篇 |
1971年 | 3篇 |
1970年 | 7篇 |
1966年 | 6篇 |
1959年 | 15篇 |
1958年 | 29篇 |
1957年 | 18篇 |
1956年 | 20篇 |
1955年 | 17篇 |
1954年 | 23篇 |
1948年 | 10篇 |
1934年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有1676条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
61.
62.
Bonfoh B Raso G Koné I Dao D Girardin O Cissé G Zinsstag J Utzinger J Tanner M 《Nature》2011,474(7353):569-571
63.
64.
Metabolic priming by a secreted fungal effector 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Djamei A Schipper K Rabe F Ghosh A Vincon V Kahnt J Osorio S Tohge T Fernie AR Feussner I Feussner K Meinicke P Stierhof YD Schwarz H Macek B Mann M Kahmann R 《Nature》2011,478(7369):395-398
Maize smut caused by the fungus Ustilago maydis is a widespread disease characterized by the development of large plant tumours. U. maydis is a biotrophic pathogen that requires living plant tissue for its development and establishes an intimate interaction zone between fungal hyphae and the plant plasma membrane. U. maydis actively suppresses plant defence responses by secreted protein effectors. Its effector repertoire comprises at least 386 genes mostly encoding proteins of unknown function and expressed exclusively during the biotrophic stage. The U. maydis secretome also contains about 150 proteins with probable roles in fungal nutrition, fungal cell wall modification and host penetration as well as proteins unlikely to act in the fungal-host interface like a chorismate mutase. Chorismate mutases are key enzymes of the shikimate pathway and catalyse the conversion of chorismate to prephenate, the precursor for tyrosine and phenylalanine synthesis. Root-knot nematodes inject a secreted chorismate mutase into plant cells likely to affect development. Here we show that the chorismate mutase Cmu1 secreted by U. maydis is a virulence factor. The enzyme is taken up by plant cells, can spread to neighbouring cells and changes the metabolic status of these cells through metabolic priming. Secreted chorismate mutases are found in many plant-associated microbes and might serve as general tools for host manipulation. 相似文献
65.
Consequences of climate change on the tree of life in Europe 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Many species are projected to become vulnerable to twenty-first-century climate changes, with consequent effects on the tree of life. If losses were not randomly distributed across the tree of life, climate change could lead to a disproportionate loss of evolutionary history. Here we estimate the consequences of climate change on the phylogenetic diversities of plant, bird and mammal assemblages across Europe. Using a consensus across ensembles of forecasts for 2020, 2050 and 2080 and high-resolution phylogenetic trees, we show that species vulnerability to climate change clusters weakly across phylogenies. Such phylogenetic signal in species vulnerabilities does not lead to higher loss of evolutionary history than expected with a model of random extinctions. This is because vulnerable species have neither fewer nor closer relatives than the remaining clades. Reductions in phylogenetic diversity will be greater in southern Europe, and gains are expected in regions of high latitude or altitude. However, losses will not be offset by gains and the tree of life faces a trend towards homogenization across the continent. 相似文献
66.
67.
Programming the magnitude and persistence of antibody responses with innate immunity 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kasturi SP Skountzou I Albrecht RA Koutsonanos D Hua T Nakaya HI Ravindran R Stewart S Alam M Kwissa M Villinger F Murthy N Steel J Jacob J Hogan RJ García-Sastre A Compans R Pulendran B 《Nature》2011,470(7335):543-547
Many successful vaccines induce persistent antibody responses that can last a lifetime. The mechanisms by which they do so remain unclear, but emerging evidence indicates that they activate dendritic cells via Toll-like receptors (TLRs). For example, the yellow fever vaccine YF-17D, one of the most successful empiric vaccines ever developed, activates dendritic cells via multiple TLRs to stimulate proinflammatory cytokines. Triggering specific combinations of TLRs in dendritic cells can induce synergistic production of cytokines, which results in enhanced T-cell responses, but its impact on antibody responses remain unknown. Learning the critical parameters of innate immunity that program such antibody responses remains a major challenge in vaccinology. Here we demonstrate that immunization of mice with synthetic nanoparticles containing antigens plus ligands that signal through TLR4 and TLR7 induces synergistic increases in antigen-specific, neutralizing antibodies compared to immunization with nanoparticles containing antigens plus a single TLR ligand. Consistent with this there was enhanced persistence of germinal centres and of plasma-cell responses, which persisted in the lymph nodes for >1.5 years. Surprisingly, there was no enhancement of the early short-lived plasma-cell response relative to that observed with single TLR ligands. Molecular profiling of activated B cells, isolated 7 days after immunization, indicated that there was early programming towards B-cell memory. Antibody responses were dependent on direct triggering of both TLRs on B cells and dendritic cells, as well as on T-cell help. Immunization protected completely against lethal avian and swine influenza virus strains in mice, and induced robust immunity against pandemic H1N1 influenza in rhesus macaques. 相似文献
68.
69.
70.