The genome sequence and structure of rice chromosome 1

The rice species Oryza sativa is considered to be a model plant because of its small genome size, extensive genetic map, relative ease of transformation and synteny with other cereal crops. Here we report the essentially complete sequence of chromosome 1, the longest chromosome in the rice genome. We summarize characteristics of the chromosome structure and the biological insight gained from the sequence. The analysis of 43.3 megabases (Mb) of non-overlapping sequence reveals 6,756 protein coding genes, of which 3,161 show homology to proteins of Arabidopsis thaliana, another model plant. About 30% (2,073) of the genes have been functionally categorized. Rice chromosome 1 is (G + C)-rich, especially in its coding regions, and is characterized by several gene families that are dispersed or arranged in tandem repeats. Comparison with a draft sequence indicates the importance of a high-quality finished sequence.     

麦根蛋白质的酶水解物

0 前言 麦根是麦芽工业重要的副产物;麦根的成分和利用在几篇综述文章中已作了介绍。由于麦根含蛋白质21～25％和淀粉价(46％)高,人们对它用作饲料的问题一直感兴趣,然而,麦根受到被霉菌毒素污染的限制,所以只能用作饲料添加剂,而未能作为主要饲料。麦根及其浸出物已广泛用作微生物培养基的营养成分或特殊生长因子,还用来生产抗生素、果胶酶淀粉酶、L-赖氨酸、柠檬酸、丙酮和丁醇以及培养酵母和霉菌。一种麦根的油提取物已成功地添加到雪花膏化妆品中,具有治疗粉刺的生物活性。麦根的营养价值比酪氨酸低些,麦根用作食品添加     

Permeability of rat heart myocytes to cytochrome c

Rat heart myocytes undergoing progressive damage demonstrate morphological changes of shortening and swelling followed by the formation of intracellular vacuoles and plasma membrane blebbing. The damaged myocytes displayed impaired N,N'-tetramethyl-p-phenyldiamine (TMPD) ascorbate-stimulated respiratory activity which was restored by the addition of reduced cytochrome c to the cell culture medium. To clarify the role played by cytochrome c in the impairment of cell respiration, polarographic, spectrophotometric and fluorescence as well as electron microscopy imaging experiments were performed. TMPD/ascorbate-stimulated respiratory activity returned to control levels, at approximately 20 microM cytochrome c, establishing the threshold below which the turnover rate by cytochrome c oxidase in the cell depends on cytochrome concentration. Mildly damaged cardiac myocytes, as indicated by cell shortening, retention of visible striations and free-fluorescein exclusion, together with the absence of lactate dehydrogenase leakage and exclusion of trypan blue, were able to oxidize exogenous cytochrome c and were permeable to fluorescein-conjugated cytochrome c. The results, while consistent with an early cytochrome c release observed at the beginning of cell death, elucidate the role played by cytochrome c in the kinetic control of mitochondrial electron transfer under pathological conditions, particularly those involving the terminal part of the respiratory chain. These data are the first to demonstrate that the sarcolemma of cardiac myocytes, damaged but still viable, is permeable to cytochrome c.