驱油用聚丙烯酰胺溶液的界面扩张流变特征研究

借助界面扩张流变测量方法,研究了聚合物与正十二烷形成的界面膜特征.主要探讨了液膜稳定过程与界面扩张粘弹模量随测量时间变化的关系、聚合物溶液浓度的影响以及不同聚合物、不同界面膜的流变特征.结果表明,界面粘弹模量的变化反映了膜的吸附平衡过程;正十二烷/聚合物体系膜强度以弹性为主,只是随聚合物浓度增加,粘性模量对膜强度的贡献比例有所上升.聚合物溶液与不同物质所形成的界面具有不同的粘弹性特征,与空气、正十二烷、原油所形成界面的界面扩张粘弹模量E的大小次序为E空气＞E正十二烷＞E原油,即E随着两相密度差的减小而减小.     

炼铝的新方法

绪论 铝是在地壳中分布最广的元素之一。铝和矽及氧,构成各种铝矽酸盐;而地壳基本上就是由这些铝矽酸盐所构成的(见图1)。 自古以来,远在从人类有力b的那一天起,他就是说从石器时代到今天,人们早就在城市建筑上、房屋建筑上,和陶器业上利用了各种铝矽酸盐——粘土、高岭土、花岗岩、玄武岩、班岩等,来制造瓷器和陶器以及其他物品。然而在这几千年中,人们并没有想到:在这些铝矽酸盐中含有铝这样一个元素。这种元素,在单体或合金状态下,具有根优越的物理——化学性质与机械性质。     

转炉托圈应力分析

转炉托圈在运行中存在复杂的机械应力及热应力。本文采用三维四面体有限元程序计算机械应力,用轴对称有限元程序计算热应力。计算结果与现场实测应力值进行了比较。对托圈在冷态及热态情况下应力的静态及动态特性作出了定量分析,为分析托圈在使用条件下的强度安全性提供依据。     

快装锅炉的热效率试验与Yong分析

在用热效率试验数据进行热平衡计算的基础上，进行快装锅炉的Ｙｏｎｇ计算分析，从而更合成地了解该锅炉的用能情况，指出节能途径。     

Multiscale gigapixel photography

Pixel count is the ratio of the solid angle within a camera's field of view to the solid angle covered by a single detector element. Because the size of the smallest resolvable pixel is proportional to aperture diameter and the maximum field of view is scale independent, the diffraction-limited pixel count is proportional to aperture area. At present, digital cameras operate near the fundamental limit of 1-10 megapixels for millimetre-scale apertures, but few approach the corresponding limits of 1-100 gigapixels for centimetre-scale apertures. Barriers to high-pixel-count imaging include scale-dependent geometric aberrations, the cost and complexity of gigapixel sensor arrays, and the computational and communications challenge of gigapixel image management. Here we describe the AWARE-2 camera, which uses a 16-mm entrance aperture to capture snapshot, one-gigapixel images at three frames per minute. AWARE-2 uses a parallel array of microcameras to reduce the problems of gigapixel imaging to those of megapixel imaging, which are more tractable. In cameras of conventional design, lens speed and field of view decrease as lens scale increases, but with the experimental system described here we confirm previous theoretical results suggesting that lens speed and field of view can be scale independent in microcamera-based imagers resolving up to 50 gigapixels. Ubiquitous gigapixel cameras may transform the central challenge of photography from the question of where to point the camera to that of how to mine the data.     

Phase transitions in the assembly of multivalent signalling proteins

Cells are organized on length scales ranging from ?ngstr?m to micrometres. However, the mechanisms by which ?ngstr?m-scale molecular properties are translated to micrometre-scale macroscopic properties are not well understood. Here we show that interactions between diverse synthetic, multivalent macromolecules (including multi-domain proteins and RNA) produce sharp liquid-liquid-demixing phase separations, generating micrometre-sized liquid droplets in aqueous solution. This macroscopic transition corresponds to a molecular transition between small complexes and large, dynamic supramolecular polymers. The concentrations needed for phase transition are directly related to the valency of the interacting species. In the case of the actin-regulatory protein called neural Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (N-WASP) interacting with its established biological partners NCK and phosphorylated nephrin, the phase transition corresponds to a sharp increase in activity towards an actin nucleation factor, the Arp2/3 complex. The transition is governed by the degree of phosphorylation of nephrin, explaining how this property of the system can be controlled to regulatory effect by kinases. The widespread occurrence of multivalent systems suggests that phase transitions may be used to spatially organize and biochemically regulate information throughout biology.     

Gain control by layer six in cortical circuits of vision

After entering the cerebral cortex, sensory information spreads through six different horizontal neuronal layers that are interconnected by vertical axonal projections. It is believed that through these projections layers can influence each other's response to sensory stimuli, but the specific role that each layer has in cortical processing is still poorly understood. Here we show that layer six in the primary visual cortex of the mouse has a crucial role in controlling the gain of visually evoked activity in neurons of the upper layers without changing their tuning to orientation. This gain modulation results from the coordinated action of layer six intracortical projections to superficial layers and deep projections to the thalamus, with a substantial role of the intracortical circuit. This study establishes layer six as a major mediator of cortical gain modulation and suggests that it could be a node through which convergent inputs from several brain areas can regulate the earliest steps of cortical visual processing.