Mutations of the BRAF gene in human cancer

Cancers arise owing to the accumulation of mutations in critical genes that alter normal programmes of cell proliferation, differentiation and death. As the first stage of a systematic genome-wide screen for these genes, we have prioritized for analysis signalling pathways in which at least one gene is mutated in human cancer. The RAS RAF MEK ERK MAP kinase pathway mediates cellular responses to growth signals. RAS is mutated to an oncogenic form in about 15% of human cancer. The three RAF genes code for cytoplasmic serine/threonine kinases that are regulated by binding RAS. Here we report BRAF somatic missense mutations in 66% of malignant melanomas and at lower frequency in a wide range of human cancers. All mutations are within the kinase domain, with a single substitution (V599E) accounting for 80%. Mutated BRAF proteins have elevated kinase activity and are transforming in NIH3T3 cells. Furthermore, RAS function is not required for the growth of cancer cell lines with the V599E mutation. As BRAF is a serine/threonine kinase that is commonly activated by somatic point mutation in human cancer, it may provide new therapeutic opportunities in malignant melanoma.     

广义相对论中的异常零超曲面

本书给出了一个广义相对论中的广泛的和自含的脉冲类光信号的数学理论说明。这一理论将应用在相对论天体物理、宇宙学和来自引力交叉理论。激变天体物理事件提升到脉冲类光信号，并能分解为零物质薄壳和一个脉冲引力波，书中介绍了其在黑洞物理、波冲突和致密引力作用源中类光推进的一些例子。     

半导体热电材料Bi1-xSbx薄膜的电化学制备

B I1-XSBX半导体合金是性能优异的热电和磁电功能材料,为制备固态电制冷器件、温差发电器件和磁电器件的重要材料。电化学沉积薄膜技术工艺设备简单成本低,在半导体薄膜制备方面有很好的应用前景。系统研究了高浓度盐酸(2.4 MOL/L)的B I和SB盐酸溶液,成份从纯铋逐步变化到纯锑的B I1-XSBX合金半导体薄膜电化学沉积特性。测试了沉积过程I-V循环曲线和和沉积电荷效率等电化学参数。结果表明在所有成份范围内都可以得到典型的B I1-XSBX固溶体结构的高质量薄膜。薄膜生长为典型的溶液扩散控制过程,具有高的沉积电荷效率。薄膜沉积和溶解之间的电位差随溶液中SB(Ⅲ)离子浓度增加而增大,生长的薄膜越来越稳定。在30%SB浓度附近,电化学过程、薄膜结构和性能发生明显的突变。应用X射线衍射和电子显微镜研究薄膜结构,发现薄膜具有明显的(012)择优取向,薄膜晶粒尺寸也随SB浓度的增加而变化。     

柽柳灌丛下与灌丛外短命植物AM真菌多样性

对生长在柽柳荒漠生境中最常见的4种早春短命植物离子草(Chorispora tenella (Pall.) DC.)、角果毛茛(Ceratocephalus testiculatus (Crantz) Bess.)、东方旱麦草(Eremopyrum orientale (L.) Jaub et. Spash)和弯果婆婆纳(Veronica campylopoda Boiss.)进行取样调查, 分析了柽柳灌丛下和灌丛外的4种植物丛枝菌根(AM)的形成状况、根际AM真菌的孢子密度和群落组成, 并探讨了柽柳灌丛对其菌根侵染状况、根际AM真菌群落组成的影响. 结果表明, 柽柳灌丛下短命植物的侵染率和根际土壤中AM真菌孢子的密度显著低于灌丛外的植物, 并且灌丛下AM真菌的种类(12种)少于灌丛外(19种). 灌丛下短命植物根际土壤由于受到柽柳灌丛的影响, 其养分含量除速效钾外, 都高于灌丛外; 灌丛下碱解氮和速效磷的含量分别为65.37和44.50 mg/kg, 而灌丛外的含量则为32.33和33.85 mg/kg. 本研究共从短命植物根际分离到21种AM真菌, 其中无梗囊霉属有5种、原囊霉属1种、球囊霉属13种和类球囊霉属2种. 通过上述结果得出以下结论: 柽柳灌丛影响着土壤的理化特性及其下生长的短命植物丛枝菌根的形成和根际AM真菌群落的组成.     

Microbial starch-binding domains are superior to granule-bound starch synthase I for anchoring luciferase to potato starch granules

Microbial starch-binding domains (SBD) and granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSSI) are proteins which are accumulated in potato starch granules. The efficiency of SBD and GBSSI for targeting active luciferase reporter proteins to granules during starch biosynthesis was compared. GBSSI or SBD sequences were fused to the N- or C-terminus of the luciferase (LUC) gene, via an artificial Pro-Thr encoding linker sequence. The genes were introduced into an amylose-free (amf) potato mutant. It appeared that SBD was superior to GBSSI as a targeting sequence, mainly because the luciferase retained higher activity in the SBD-containing fusion proteins than in the GBSSI-containing ones.     

Accelerated carbonation and leaching behavior of the slag from iron and steel making industry

Ground granulated blast furnace slag(GGBFS)and steelmaking slag have been used as a raw material for cement production or as an aggregate to make concrete,which contribute aluminum,calcium,iron,and silicon oxides.The suitability of the slag for a particular application depends on its reactivity,cost,availability,and its influence on the properties of the resulting concrete.For the interest of durability studying of concrete in the presence of slag,the accelerated carbonation products and leaching behavior of the slag and Portland cement(PC)were studied.The experimental results confirmed that the slag was more resistant to carbonation compared to PC.The carbonation degree of GGBFS reduced by 17.74%;and the carbonation degrees of steelmaking slags reduced by 9.51%-11.94%.Carbonation neutralized the alkaline nature of the hydrated pastes and gave rise to the redox potential of the leachate slightly(30-77 mV).The carbonation also increased the release of most of the elements presented,except for calcium,to the aqueous environment.It is concluded that blend cements(PC plus slag)have economical advantages and better durability compared to PC.     

Further support for a Cretaceous age for the feathered-dinosaur beds of Liaoning,China:New 40Ar/39Ar dating of the Yixian and Tuchengzi Formations

We report new 40Ar/39Ar dating results obtained from total fusion and incremental-heating analyses of sanidine and biotite from three tuffs found interbedded within the fossil-bearing deposits of Liaoning, northeast China. The first is a new sample of the Bed 6 Sihetun tuff from the Yixian Formation, previously dated by our team as middle Early Cretaceous, and recently considered by Lo et al., partially reset due to metamorphism from a nearby basaltic sill. The second is the Yixian Bed 9 tuff from Hengdaozi considered by Lo et al. to be unaffected by metamorphism and whose age, based on total fusion 40Ar/39Ar dating of biotite, argues for a Jurassic age for the Yixian Formation.The third tuff is a previously undated tuff from the upper part of the underlying Tuchengzi Formation. Single crystal total fusion 40Ar/39Ar analyses of the Sihetun sanidine showed homogeneous radiogenic Ar, Ca/K ratios, excellent reproducibility and gave a mean age of 125.0 ± 0.18 (1SD) ±0.04 (SE) Ma. Single sanidine crystal total fusion 40Ar/39Aranalyses of the Hengdaozi tuff gave a mean age of 125.0 +0.19 (1SD) ± 0.04 (SE) Ma, which is indistinguishable from the Sihetun tuff. The Tuchengzi Formation tuff gave a mean age of 139.4 ± 0.19 (1SD) ± 0.05 (SE) Ma. Detailed laser incremental-heating analyses of biotite from Sihetun, Hengdaozi, and Tuchengzi tuffs show disturbed Ar release patterns and evidence of trapped argon components. We conclude from these analyses that the total fusion dates on biotite by Lo et al. are erroneously old and isotopic dating of both biotite and sanidine from tuffs of the Yixian Formation point to a middle Early Cretaceous age. The upper part of the Tuchengzi Formation can be referred to the Early Cretaceous.``     

杂多酸荷移跃迁盐系列研究（Ⅰ）—Keggin结构杂多酸的荷移跃迁盐的合成和表征

利用电解结晶法合成了Ｋｅｇｇｉｎ结构杂多酸荷移跃迁盐（ＢＥＤＴ－ＴＴＦ）８［ＰＭｏ３ＮｂＷ８Ｏ４０］．Ｘ－射线衍射测定为单斜晶系．晶胞参数ａ＝１４．２０（０）×１０（－８）ｃｍ；ｂ＝４３．３９（０）×１０（－８）ｃｍ；ｃ＝１３．５５（６）×１０（－８）ｃｍ；β＝９１°；Ｖ＝８．３５３×１０（－２１）ｃｍ３．该化合物具半导体性质。σｒ．ｔ＝３．７×１０（－２）Ｓｃｍ（－１）．ＥＡ＝１６０ｍｅＶ．变温磁化率测定表明其为Ｓｐｉｎ－Ｐｅｉｅｒｌｓ体系．