A common variant associated with prostate cancer in European and African populations

With the increasing incidence of prostate cancer, identifying common genetic variants that confer risk of the disease is important. Here we report such a variant on chromosome 8q24, a region initially identified through a study of Icelandic families. Allele -8 of the microsatellite DG8S737 was associated with prostate cancer in three case-control series of European ancestry from Iceland, Sweden and the US. The estimated odds ratio (OR) of the allele is 1.62 (P = 2.7 x 10(-11)). About 19% of affected men and 13% of the general population carry at least one copy, yielding a population attributable risk (PAR) of approximately 8%. The association was also replicated in an African American case-control group with a similar OR, in which 41% of affected individuals and 30% of the population are carriers. This leads to a greater estimated PAR (16%) that may contribute to higher incidence of prostate cancer in African American men than in men of European ancestry.     

Regulation of primary cilia formation and left-right patterning in zebrafish by a noncanonical Wnt signaling mediator, duboraya

Primary cilia are microtubule-based organelles that project from the surface of nearly every animal cell. Although important functions of primary cilia in morphogenesis and tissue homeostasis have been identified, the mechanisms that control the formation of primary cilia are not understood. Here we characterize a zebrafish gene, termed duboraya (dub), that is essential for ciliogenesis. Knockdown of dub in zebrafish embryos results in both defects in primary cilia formation in Kupffer's vesicle and randomization of left-right organ asymmetries. We show that, at the molecular level, the function of dub in ciliogenesis is regulated by phosphorylation, which in turn depends on Frizzled-2-mediated noncanonical Wnt signaling. We also provide evidence that, at the cellular level, dub function is essential for actin organization in the cells lining Kupffer's vesicle. Taken together, our findings identify a molecular factor that links noncanonical Wnt signaling with the control of left-right axis specification, and provide an entry point for analyzing the mechanisms that regulate primary cilia formation.     

CXorf6 is a causative gene for hypospadias

46,XY disorders of sex development (DSD) refer to a wide range of abnormal genitalia, including hypospadias, which affects approximately 0.5% of male newborns. We identified three different nonsense mutations of CXorf6 in individuals with hypospadias and found that its mouse homolog was specifically expressed in fetal Sertoli and Leydig cells around the critical period for sex development. These data imply that CXorf6 is a causative gene for hypospadias.     

Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: clinicopathology and molecular alterations

Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS, OMIM 175200) is an unusual inherited intestinal polyposis syndrome associated with distinct peri-oral blue/black freckling [1–9]. Variable penetrance and clinical heterogeneity make it difficult to determine the exact frequency of PJS [4]. PJS is a cancer predisposition syndrome. Affected individuals are at high risk for intestinal and extra-intestinal cancers. In 1997, linkage studies mapped PJS to chromosome 19p [10, 11], and subsequently a serine/threonine kinase gene defect (LKB1) was noted in a majority of PJS cases [12, 13]. A phenotypically similar syndrome has been produced in an LKB1 mouse knockout model [14–18]. Several PJS kindred without LKB1 mutations have been described, suggesting other PJS loci [19–22]. The management of PJS is complex and evolving. New endoscopic technologies may improve management of intestinal polyposis. Identification of specific genetic mutations and their targets will more accurately assess the clinical course, and help gage the magnitude of cancer risk for affected individuals. Received 20 February 2006; received after revision 5 May 2006; accepted 15 June 2006     

SET domain protein lysine methyltransferases: Structure, specificity and catalysis

Site- and state-specific lysine methylation of histones is catalyzed by a family of proteins that contain the evolutionarily conserved SET domain and plays a fundamental role in epigenetic regulation of gene activation and silencing in all eukaryotes. The recently determined three-dimensional structures of the SET domains from chromosomal proteins reveal that the core SET domain structure contains a two-domain architecture, consisting of a conserved anti-parallel β-barrel and a structurally variable insert that surround a unusual knot-like structure that comprises the enzyme active site. These structures of the SET domains, either in the free state or when bound to cofactor S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine and/or histone peptide, mimicking an enzyme/cofactor/substrate complex, further yield the structural insights into the molecular basis of the substrate specificity, methylation multiplicity and the catalytic mechanism of histone lysine methylation. Received 10 June 2006; accepted 22 August 2006     

JWA参与调控细胞分化的结构和功能研究

为阐明新基因JWA的结构特征、表达调节规律和生物学功能,通过基因重组和测序,确定了大鼠JWA同源基因和人JWA基因621bp的启动子序列;用RT-PCR法,分析了培养细胞株和原代白血病细胞经药物处理后JWAmRNA的表达情况,发现TPA处理后JWAmRNA水平在肿瘤细胞株与非肿瘤细胞株中呈反向变化;用维甲酸治疗前的M3型白血病人骨髓白细胞,其JWA基因对多种诱导分化剂处理不敏感;而用维甲酸治疗10d后再用诱导分化剂处理,则JWA基因的转录水平均被下调,提示M3型白血病细胞在ATRA作用下的分化可能是启动JWA信号转导通路的前提,而JWA基因的表达下调是否为白血病细胞进一步分化及4HPR,As     

JWA参与调控细胞分化的结构和功能

为阐明新基因JWA的结构特征、表达调节规律和生物学功能,通过基因重组和测序,确定了大鼠JWA同源基因和人JWA基因621bp的启动子序列;用RT－PCR法,分析了培养细胞株和原代白血病细胞经药物处理后JWA mRNA的表达情况,发现TPA处理后JWAmRNA水平在肿瘤细胞株与非肿瘤细胞株中呈反向变化：用维甲酸治疗前的M3型白血病人骨髓白细胞,其JWA基因对多种诱导分化剂处理不敏感;而用维甲酸治疗10d后再用诱导分化剂处理,则JWA基因的转录水平均被下调,提示M3型白血病细胞在ATRA作用下的分化可能是启动JWA信号转导通路的前提。而JWA基因的表达下调是否为白血病细胞进一步分化及4HPR,As2O3和TPA等诱导细胞凋亡所必需,值得进一步探讨。JWA基因在不同种属中保持较为稳定的序列特征,说明该基因在生物进化中可能较保守并可能具有相近的生物学功能。     

生物技术资本发展趋势

本书通过对生物技术企业和投资者进行采访和大量的实例研究，概括了目前生物技术基金发展的趋势，明确指出了由于不同的背景和预期，在企业家和投资者之间存在的巨大的鸿沟，在竞争环境下，双方应当采取何种态度，来克服存在的偏见以获得成功。