论中学图书馆在学生素质教育中的作用

必须提高中学图书馆工作人员的综合素质、改进和强服务观和质量观、注重馆藏结构的优化及资源的开发和利用,以充分发挥图书馆素质教育中的作用.     

意大利在巴尔干的野心

欧战爆发之后,以巴尔干主人自居的意大利便很想找着机会在这地方来冒险一下,于是提出了「保护」巴尔干的口号。究竟意大利的真意是什么,苏联 B.Zarorozhtsev 在工会机关报“Trud”撰『意大利「保护」巴尔干』一文,加以正确的分析,现转译于下。     

过盈配合与装配(英文)

详细介绍了机器制造过程中广泛使用的不同配合和装配技术,给出了主要参数、技术以及相关信息的计算依据。     

Suboptimal Auditory Dominance in Audiovisual Integration of Temporal Cues

The present study examined whether audiovisual integration of temporal stimulus features in humans can be predicted by the maximum likelihood estimation(MLE) model which is based on the weighting of unisensory cues by their relative reliabilities.In an audiovisual temporal order judgment paradigm,the reliability of the auditory signal was manipulated by Gaussian volume envelopes,introducing varying degrees of temporal uncertainty.While statistically optimal weighting according to the MLE rule was found in half of the participants,the other half consistently overweighted the auditory signal.The results are discussed in terms of a general auditory bias in time perception,interindividual differences,as well as in terms of the conditions and limits of statistically optimal multisensory integration.     

Dopamine-dependent prediction errors underpin reward-seeking behaviour in humans

Theories of instrumental learning are centred on understanding how success and failure are used to improve future decisions. These theories highlight a central role for reward prediction errors in updating the values associated with available actions. In animals, substantial evidence indicates that the neurotransmitter dopamine might have a key function in this type of learning, through its ability to modulate cortico-striatal synaptic efficacy. However, no direct evidence links dopamine, striatal activity and behavioural choice in humans. Here we show that, during instrumental learning, the magnitude of reward prediction error expressed in the striatum is modulated by the administration of drugs enhancing (3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine; L-DOPA) or reducing (haloperidol) dopaminergic function. Accordingly, subjects treated with L-DOPA have a greater propensity to choose the most rewarding action relative to subjects treated with haloperidol. Furthermore, incorporating the magnitude of the prediction errors into a standard action-value learning algorithm accurately reproduced subjects' behavioural choices under the different drug conditions. We conclude that dopamine-dependent modulation of striatal activity can account for how the human brain uses reward prediction errors to improve future decisions.     

Structure of the Sec13/31 COPII coat cage

Endomembranes of eukaryotic cells are dynamic structures that are in continuous communication through the activity of specialized cellular machineries, such as the coat protein complex II (COPII), which mediates cargo export from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). COPII consists of the Sar1 GTPase, Sec23 and Sec24 (Sec23/24), where Sec23 is a Sar1-specific GTPase-activating protein and Sec24 functions in cargo selection, and Sec13 and Sec31 (Sec13/31), which has a structural role. Whereas recent results have shown that Sec23/24 and Sec13/31 can self-assemble to form COPII cage-like particles, we now show that Sec13/31 can self-assemble to form minimal cages in the absence of Sec23/24. We present a three-dimensional reconstruction of these Sec13/31 cages at 30 A resolution using cryo-electron microscopy and single particle analysis. These results reveal a novel cuboctahedron geometry with the potential to form a flexible lattice and to generate a diverse range of containers. Our data are consistent with a model for COPII coat complex assembly in which Sec23/24 has a non-structural role as a multivalent ligand localizing the self-assembly of Sec13/31 to form a cage lattice driving ER cargo export.