Gene transfer to the nucleus and the evolution of chloroplasts

Photosynthetic eukaryotes, particularly unicellular forms, possess a fossil record that is either wrought with gaps or difficult to interpret, or both. Attempts to reconstruct their evolution have focused on plastid phylogeny, but were limited by the amount and type of phylogenetic information contained within single genes. Among the 210 different protein-coding genes contained in the completely sequenced chloroplast genomes from a glaucocystophyte, a rhodophyte, a diatom, a euglenophyte and five land plants, we have now identified the set of 45 common to each and to a cyanobacterial outgroup genome. Phylogenetic inference with an alignment of 11,039 amino-acid positions per genome indicates that this information is sufficient--but just rarely so--to identify the rooted nine-taxon topology. We mapped the process of gene loss from chloroplast genomes across the inferred tree and found that, surprisingly, independent parallel gene losses in multiple lineages outnumber phylogenetically unique losses by more that 4:1. We identified homologues of 44 different plastid-encoded proteins as functional nuclear genes of chloroplast origin, providing evidence for endosymbiotic gene transfer to the nucleus in plants.     

Growth, structural, optical, thermal and dielectric properties of a novel semi-organic nonline ar optical crystal: Dichloro-diglycine zinc II

Dichloro-diglycine zinc II(DCDGZ II),a semi-organic nonlinear optical material has been synthesized and single crystals were grown from the aqueous solution up to dimensions 20×10×3 mm3.The title compound,DCDGZ II(C4H10Cl2N2O4Zn H2O) crystallizes into monoclinic structure with the space group of C2/c.The unit-cell parameters were found to be a=14.4191(7),b=6.9180(2),c=12.9452(6) and Z=4.In the crystal structure,DCDGZ II layer is building up alternatingly with layers of water in which the zinc ions lie on a twofold axis.Theoretical calculations for polarizability,which are useful for device fabrication were made using Clausius–Mosotti equation and Penn analysis and the results were compared.Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) spectroscopic studies were performed for the identification of the different functional groups presented in the compound.The UV–vis–NIR absorption spectrum reveals that the lower UV cut-off wavelength is 240 nm.The optical band gap of the crystal was estimated as 2.2 eV.The surface morphology,thermal behaviour,dielectric properties have been studied using SEM,TG/DTA and LCR HITESTER analyzer.The nonlinear optical property of the crystal was also confirmed using Kurtz powder technique.     

Property enhancement of cast iron used for nuclear casks

Ductile iron (DI) is a preferred material for use in various structural, automotive, and engineering fields because of its excellent combination of strength, toughness, and ductility. In the current investigation, we elucidate the relationship between the morphological and mechanical properties of DI intended for use in safety applications in the nuclear industry. DI specimens with various alloying elements were subjected to annealing and austempering heat treatment processes. A faster cooling rate appeared to increase the nodule count in austempered specimens, compensating for their nodularity value and subsequently decreasing their ductility and impact strength. The ductility and impact energy values of annealed specimens increased with increasing ferrite area fraction and nodularity, whereas an increase in the amounts of Ni and Cr resulted in an increase of hardness via solid solution strengthening. Austempered specimens were observed to be stronger than annealed specimens and failed in a somewhat brittle manner characterized by a river pattern, whereas the ductile failure mode was characterized by the presence of dimples.     

在狗的急性实验外科手术中的一种快速的膀胱导管导尿法

<正> 在狗的实验外科手术中常常需要测定尿量。一般常用的方法是:用一根与有刻度的的收集袋相连的导管插入尿道口来收集尿液。但在公狗和母狗放在内导管时会出现一些问题。在母狗由于尿道与膀胱之间是直道,     

小鼠肝脏谷胱甘肽含量和酶活性的昼夜节律变化

<正> 昼夜节律是指的24小时变化的生物节律。已经发现动物对许多化学物质的生物学反应和敏感性都具有昼夜节律性波动,其发生机理还不十分清楚。为了了解控制室温在23℃时正常光周期(06:00时到18:00时光照)和倒置光周期(18:时到06;00时光照)对动物生物节律的影响,对CF—小鼠肝脏谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量、肝重、肝中r—谷氨酰半胱氨酸合成酶(r—GS)和r—谷氨酰转移酶(r—GT)的活性进行了测定研究。     

小鼠肺炎病毒(PVM)

<正> A.历史背景Horsfall 和 Hahn(1939,1940)在一项研究中用呼吸道感染病人的鼻咽冲洗物连续通过小鼠,试图分离出某种人类病毒,他们发现被接种的和未被接种的小鼠其肺脏常常都有实变发生。后来,他们自正常小鼠肺分离出一种嗜肺病毒(小鼠肺炎病毒,PVM),不经连续传代这种病毒是没有毒力的,同时证明小鼠群中普遍存在着这种病毒的隐性感染。与上述情     

仙台病毒

国内关于实验动物疾病的资料极缺,国外重要文献及研究工作之进展不清楚,对实验动物疾病诊断,防治以及研究工作有很大影响,对培养SPF动物和GF动物工作造成非常大的困难,因此从这一期开始我们准备系统地翻译实验动物疾病,以传染病寄生虫病为主要内容,以国外最新重要著怍及期刊为主要来源,作为教学、研究以及诊断防治工作参考之用。     

The quasitriangular structures of biproduct bialgebra

If H is a bialgebra, B is a left H-module algebra and a left H-comodule coalgebra, the smash product algebra structure and the smash coproduct coalgebra [1]structure over BH can form a bialgebra in certain conditions [2],called biproduct and denoted by BH.We present the formulas of quasitrangular structure of biproduct if it contains a quasitrangular structure.We obtain the necessary and sufficient conditions for such that it becomes a quasitriangular bialgebra.     

蛋白聚糖NG2中硫酸软骨素糖胺聚糖链调节稳定转染NG2的U251细胞迁移能力

应用PCR反应使编码蛋白聚糖NG2的核苷酸在3064-3065位置的AG突变成为GC, 构建突变型NG2/S999A. 用表达野生型NG2和突变型NG2/S999A及空白表达载体分别稳定转染人成胶质细胞瘤U251. 应用Western Blot方法鉴定转染后的U251细胞表达野生型及突变型NG2的状态, 证实突变型NG2A999稳定转染的U251细胞株表达的NG2缺失硫酸软骨素葡糖胺聚糖链（C S-GAG）. 比较了3种U251细胞株的迁移, 表明蛋白聚糖NG2中CS-GAG链影响细胞的迁移能 力.     

A tiling resolution DNA microarray with complete coverage of the human genome

We constructed a tiling resolution array consisting of 32,433 overlapping BAC clones covering the entire human genome. This increases our ability to identify genetic alterations and their boundaries throughout the genome in a single comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) experiment. At this tiling resolution, we identified minute DNA alterations not previously reported. These alterations include microamplifications and deletions containing oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes and new genes that may be associated with multiple tumor types. Our findings show the need to move beyond conventional marker-based genome comparison approaches, that rely on inference of continuity between interval markers. Our submegabase resolution tiling set for array CGH (SMRT array) allows comprehensive assessment of genomic integrity and thereby the identification of new genes associated with disease.